Access to improved sanitation facilities is the percentage of the population with at least adequate excreta disposal facilities (private or shared, but not public) that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. (World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme) Access to improved water source is the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, or rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters a person a day from a source within 1 kilometer of the dwelling. (World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme) Adult literacy is the percentage of people ages 15 and older who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday life. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics) Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops. (Food and Agriculture Organization) Aid is official development assistance and official aid received from members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee and other official donors. (OECD) Births attended by skilled health staff is the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns. (United Nations Children’s Fund) Carbon dioxide emissions are emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center) Cash surplus/deficit is revenue (including grants) minus expense, minus net acquisition of nonfinancial assets. Before 2005 nonfinancial assets were included under revenue and expenditure in gross terms. The concept of cash surplus or deficit is close to the earlier overall budget balance (still missing is lending minus repayments, which is brought into the balance sheet as a financing item under net acquisition of financial assets). (International Monetary Fund) Central government revenue is cash receipts from taxes, social contributions, and other revenues such as fines, fees, rent, and income from property or sales. Grants are also considered revenue but are excluded here. (International Monetary Fund) Child immunization, measles is the percentage of children ages 12–23 months at the time of the survey who received a dose of measles vaccine by 12 months or at any time before the interview date. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine. (World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund) Child malnutrition, underweight is the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0–59 months. The reference population, adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1983, is based on children from the United States, who are assumed to be well nourished (WHO and United Nations Children’s Fund) Electricity use per capita is per capita production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants plus imports less exports. (International Energy Agency) Energy use per capita is per capita use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transportation. (International Energy Agency) European Monetary Union is the 12 participating member countries of the European Monetary Union (EMU): Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Exports of goods and services are the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world, including the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services. Compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) are excluded, as are transfer payments. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations) Fertility rate is the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with current age-specific fertility rates. (World Bank) Fixed-line and mobile phone subscribers: fixed lines are telephone lines connecting a customer’s equipment to the public switched telephone network. Mobile telephones refer to users of portable telephones subscribing to an automatic public mobile telephone service using cellular technology that provides access to the public switched telephone network. (International Telecommunication Union and World Bank) Foreign direct investment, net inflows are investments to acquire a lasting management interest in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. They are the sum of inflows of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital in the reporting country as shown in the balance of payments. (World Bank and International Monetary Fund) Forests are land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. (Food and Agriculture Organization) GDP is gross domestic product at purchaser prices. It is the sum of the gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and United Nations) GDP growth is the one-year rate of growth in real gross domestic product. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and United Nations) GDP implicit price deflator is the one-year rate of price change in the economy as a whole. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and United Nations) GNI (gross national income) is gross domestic product (GDP) plus net receipts of primary income (employee compensation and investment income) from abroad. GDP is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output. (World Bank) GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population. (World Bank) Gross capital formation is outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales and work in progress. According to the 1993 System of National Accounts, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and United Nations) Gross enrollment is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers. And tertiary education, whether or not leading to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics) High-technology exports are products with high research and development intensity, as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, and scientific instruments. (United Nations Statistics Division’s Commodity Trade database) HIV prevalence rate is the percentage of people ages 15–49 who are infected with HIV. (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization) Imports of goods and services are the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world, including the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services. Labor and property income (formerly called factor services) are excluded, as are transfer payments. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and United Nations) Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching the age of one year per 1,000 live births in a given year. (harmonized estimate of World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund, and World Bank) Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network. (International Telecommunication Union and World Bank) Life expectancy is the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. (World Bank) Long-term debt is all debt having an original maturity of more than one year. (World Bank) Merchandise trade is the sum of merchandise exports and imports measured in current U.S. dollars. (World Trade Organization and World Bank) Military expenditures include all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects; paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and military space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid (in the military expenditures of the donor country). Excluded are civil defense and current expenditures for previous military activities, such as for veterans’ benefits, demobilization, conversion, and destruction of weapons. This definition cannot be applied for all countries, however, since that would require much more detailed information than is available about what is included in military budgets and off-budget military expenditure items. (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) [Note for China: Estimate differs from official statistics of the government of China, which has published the following estimates: military expenditure as 1.6 percent in 1990 and 1.6 percent in 2003]. National poverty rate is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line. National estimates are based on populationweighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. Data are for most recent year since 1990. Figures in italics are for years other than 2004. (World Bank) Net barter terms of trade is the ratio of the export price index to the corresponding import price index measured relative to the base year 2000. (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and International Monetary Fund) Net energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. (International Energy Agency) Paved roads are roads surfaced with crushed stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon binder or bituminized agents, with concrete, or with cobblestones, as a percentage of all the country’s roads, measured in length. (International Road Federation) Population is the mid-year estimate of all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. (World Bank) Population growth is the one-year rate of growth in total population. (World Bank) Present value of debt is the sum of short-term external debt plus the discounted sum of total debt service payments due on public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term external debt over the life of existing loans. (World Bank) Primary completion rate, total is the number of students in the last year of primary school in a given year divided by the number of children of official graduation age in the population. Note: There is a break in series between 1997 and 1998 due to the change from International Standard Classification of Education 1976 (ISCED76) to ISCED97. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics) Ratio of female to male in primary and secondary school is the ratio of the female to male gross enrollment rate in primary and secondary school. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics) Remittances received comprise workers remittances, migrants’ transfers and wages, and salaries earned by nonresident workers (International Monetary Fund and World Bank) Starting a business is the number of calendar days needed to complete the required procedures for legally operating a business. If a procedure can be speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, independent of cost, is chosen. (World Bank) Stock market capitalization is the share price times the number of shares outstanding. (Standard and Poor’s) Surface area is a country’s total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways. (Food and Agriculture Organization) Total debt service is the sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or services on long-term debt (public and publicly guaranteed and private nonguaranteed); interest paid on shortterm debt; and use of International Monetary Fund credit as a percentage of exports. Exports refer to goods, services, income (employee compensation and investment income), and workers’ remittances. (World Bank and International Monetary Fund) Under-five mortality rate is the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. (harmonized estimate of World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund, and World Bank) Value added in agriculture is the net output of agriculture (International Standard Industrial Classification divisions 1–5 including forestry and fishing) after totaling outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and United Nations) Value added in industry is the net output of industry (International Standard Individual Classification divisions 10–45, which includes mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas) after totaling outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and United Nations) Value added in services is the net output of services (International Standard Industrial Classification divisions 50–99) after totaling outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. This sector is derived as a residual and may not properly reflect the sum of services outputs, including banking and financial services. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and United Nations) |
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