In the past decade, many developing countries initiated major infrastructure sector reforms that separated policy making from service delivery and promoted projects with various forms of private sector participation or public private partnerships (PPPs).These projects were implemented under a range of approaches varying from management contracts to concessions to divestitures to greenfield build-operate-transfer or build-operate-own projects.Another key aspect of private participation is the impact on the delivery of infrastructure services, and whether there are negative consequences for other important social goals, such as equity. Despite considerable progress, private participation or public private partnership arrangements still face several implementation challenges. These challenges typically involve tariff setting and adjustment, regulatory independence or dispute over contractual provision.
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