DDVE launched in November 2008 four publication series: DDVE Studies, DDVE Working Papers, DDVE Notes and DDVE Briefs. All publications are freely available through the web and in the case of the working papers most publications are made available through the RePEc websites to facilitate access by the public at large. DDVE Working Papers are research papers on specific issues, typically of 25-40 pages in length. Many of the DDVE working papers are written by DDVE staff, but some are written by other World Bank staff on topics of direct interest to DDVE. While most DDVE working papers are sponsored by DDVE, some were sponsored by other World Bank units and are made available on this website simply to promote wider dissemination because they deal with issues of focus at DDVE. Most of the papers have been published through the World Bank’s Policy Research Working Paper Series, and we are making them available through the DDVE working papers links below for convenience. While DDVE working papers are in most cases for dissemination of World Bank-sponsored work, the DDVE team welcomes contributions from individuals not related to the World Bank. Authors interested in submitting a working paper should contact the DDVE team (see Contact Us). DDVE working papers are peer reviewed so that publication is not guaranteed.