The last decade has seen a burgeoning research on the long-term effects of early childhood conditions across a range of disciplines. In economics, the focus is on the early childhood environment can affect longer-term human capital accumulation. This work has been spurred by the realization that early life conditions can have persistent and profound impacts later on in life. For example, family background and individual education are important factors in determining a young person's transition to the labor market or his/her involvement in criminal gangs and other detrimental behavior.