Module 11 - Responding to Disaster with Seed Distribution

Seed is frequently distributed to farmers in post-conflict and post-disaster (for example, after drought) situations as a way of “restarting” agricultural production and improving food security. Programs must be appropriately targeted, locally adapted, and timely. They should strengthen local institutions and coping mechanisms and avoid distorting markets and undermining local seed systems. To maximize development impact and program efficiency, programs may need to be accompanied by fertilizer, tools, training, and technical support.¹¹

The apparent increase in international emergency situations has led to massive displacement of people due to civil strife, drought, and other emergencies. Drought and other disasters, both natural and artificial, have led to widespread destitution and a need for emergency food programs. Restarting agricultural production disrupted by an emergency is often hampered by lack of adequate seed supplies, which may have been lost or consumed. The distribution of seed and associated inputs has become a common intervention for addressing the problems of emergency situations and promoting long-term food security among agricultural communities affected by disaster. By providing the inputs necessary for crop production, such interventions increase agricultural productivity and reduce dependence on food aid.

Seed interventions merit consideration where displaced peoples are returning to agriculture or where pests, floods, or drought have depleted normal seed supplies. Even in refugee settings, gardens may help people increase food security and exercise a small measure of self-sufficiency. The most commonly distributed seeds are for cereal crops such as maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum. Roots and tubers, other planting materials, and vegetable seeds may also be distributed to be grown close to homes, taking advantage of water recycling. Cassava is especially useful in conflict situations, because the plants can be left in the ground and harvested over a long period, allowing farmers to harvest depending on the security situation (USAID 2002). In some situations, distribution of fertilizer and hand tools may also be appropriate.

Benefits

Effective seed system interventions can prevent food shortages by enabling a population to grow food and can decrease emergency costs incurred through the provision of food aid. Compared to subsidies, the targeted supply of seed and other production inputs can benefit smallholders most in need rather than the richer or more influential members of the community. This also can be an opportunity for the introduction of innovations (new varieties, crops, or management practices) with longer-term positive effects on agricultural productivity. Food security at the household and national levels can be increased and local markets strengthened.

However, inappropriate, uncoordinated interventions can decrease seed system stability and varietal diversity, while bringing a set of unintended negative impacts on the social and political economy of recipient communities.