The structures to facilitate popular participation in many developing nations are still largely in their infancy. A culture of civic responsibility and respect for diversity needs much nurturing and propitious conditions to grow. An in-depth reform of the State in developing countries in particular is essential for development. Such reforms should encompass a clear orientation towards capacity development for basic public services for everyone, the creation of a strong and efficient institutional framework, the establishment of a participatory information system to design and monitor social policies, safety nets, inter-organizational links, decentralization, broad community participation, inter-social networks between government, civil society and the private sector, transparency, and a social managerial approach. See the website on Public Expenditure Management here. The Public Expenditure Management Toolkit provides an approach for assessing public expenditure institutional (rules of the game) arrangements. It focuses on the three levels of expenditure outcome: aggregate fiscal discipline, strategic and intersectoral allocations, and operational efficiency and service delivery. View the Public Expenditure Management Toolkit. Suggested reading:
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