| | Reports analyzing options for improving the efficiency and reliability of medical supply logistics, to ensure drugs are available at point of use. Uses GIS data and sophisticated software to analyze different warehousing and transport options, considering costs, distance, and routing between warehouses and health facilities.
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 | Transport against HIV/AIDS: Synthesis of Experience and Best Practice Guidelines (PDF 934kb)
July 2009
This paper suggests entry points for mitigating HIV in the transport sector, and provides resources and recommendations for designing and implementing interventions. It reviews interventions and approaches by the World Bank’s transport group, drawing attention to the role and resources of partner agencies, trade unions and key stakeholders.
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 | The Global Economic Crisis and HIV Prevention and Treatment Programmes: Vulnerabilities and Impacts (PDF 1.05MB)
A quick survey of UNAIDS/WHO/WB staff working in 71 countries finds a very real danger that AIDS treatment and prevention programs will be disrupted or curtailed as a result of the global economic crisis. In eight countries, treatment programs are already impacted, in 22 countries an impact is expected during the year. Far more respondents (in 34 countries) expect an impact on prevention programs- especially for groups at most risk. The paper suggests actions to address funding gaps and uncertainties, and emphasizes the imperative of investing in the prevention efforts targeted to where most new infections are occuring, and that have been proved to work. Also available in French (PDF 552KB) or Spanish (PDF 1.01MB)
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 | Zambia HIV Prevention Respose and Modes of Transmission Analysis (PDF 3.04MB)
June 2009
This study synthesizes existing and new data to characterize Zambia's HIV epidemic, and briefly reviews the prevention response and funding. It assesses how well prevention aligns with evidence on sources of new infections. Recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of prevention are offered. The data indicate that 71% of new infections result from (unprotected) sex with non-regular partners. The 21% of new infections in people who report only one partner reflect the high number of couples in which one person is already HIV+, pointing to the need for much more "prevention with positives". (This is part of a program of work led by National AIDS Authorities and UNAIDS Country Office teams with support from the UNAIDS Regional Support Team for Eastern and Southern Africa, UNAIDS Geneva and the Bank's Global HIV/AIDS Program.)
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 | Uganda - HIV Prevention Response and Modes of Transmission Analysis (PDF 797kb)
March 2009
This study synthesizes existing and new data to characterize Uganda's HIV epidemic, and briefly reviews the prevention response and funding. It assesses how well prevention efforts align with evidence on sources of new infections, and identifies how the emphasis and targeting of prevention could be shifted to where most new infections are occurring. The greatest need for HIV prevention exists among people with multiple partners whether in casual or long-term martial or cohabiting relationships. Also, HIV prevention programmes for sex workers and their clients, fishing communities and other groups with high prevalence/incidence rates are poorly funded. (This is part of a program of work led by National AIDS Authorities and UNAIDS Country Office teams with support from the UNAIDS Regional Support Team for Eastern and Southern Africa, UNAIDS Geneva and the Bank's Global HIV/AIDS Program.)
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 | Lesotho - HIV Prevention Response and Modes of Transmission Analysis(PDF 1.39MB)
March 2009
This study synthesizes existing and new data to characterize Lesotho's HIV epidemic, and briefly reviews the prevention response and funding. It assesses how well prevention aligns with evidence on sources of new infections. Recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of prevention are offered. The data show that exceptionally high prevalence of multiple concurrent sexual relationships before and during marriage, together with low levels of full male circumcision are major risk factors in Lesotho’s hyperendemic HIV situation. (This is part of a program of work led by National AIDS Authorities and UNAIDS Country Office teams with support from the UNAIDS Regional Support Team for Eastern and Southern Africa, UNAIDS Geneva and the Bank's Global HIV/AIDS Program.)
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 | Kenya - HIV Prevention Response and Modes of Transmission Analysis (PDF 2.20MB)
March 2009
This study synthesizes existing and new data to characterize Kenya's HIV epidemic, and briefly reviews the prevention response and funding. It assesses how well prevention aligns with evidence on sources of new infections. Recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of prevention are offered. The data show that most new infections in Kenya occur in heterosexual couples, in which one or both have other sexual partners as well. (This is part of a program of work led by National AIDS Authorities and UNAIDS Country Office teams with support from the UNAIDS Regional Support Team for Eastern and Southern Africa, UNAIDS Geneva and the Bank's Global HIV/AIDS Program.)
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 | Swaziland - HIV Prevention Response and Modes of Transmission Analysis (PDF 1.70MB)
March 2009
This study synthesizes existing and new data to characterize Swaziland's HIV epidemic, and briefly review the prevention response and funding allocation (drawing on the 2008 National AIDS Spending Assessment). It assesses how well prevention aligns with evidence on sources of new infections. Recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of prevention are offered. The data confirm the hypothesis that multiple, concurrent long-term heterosexual relationships, in a context of implicitly permissive social norms, gender inequality and economic need, are a key contributor to HIV transmission in Swaziland. (This is part of a program of work led by National AIDS Authorities and UNAIDS Country Office teams with support from the UNAIDS Regional Support Team for Eastern and Southern Africa, UNAIDS Geneva and the Bank's Global HIV/AIDS Program.)
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 | HIV and AIDS in South Asia
March 2009
The report analyses the extent to which HIV and AIDS pose risks to economic development in the region. Although HIV prevalence in South Asia is comparatively low, the region faces challenges including the risk of escalation of concentrated epidemics, the economic welfare costs, and the fiscal costs of scaling up treatment for AIDS.
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 | TB and HIV/AIDS Integration in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Eritrea (PDF 1.20MB)
January 2009
This report identifies lessons learned, opportunities and critical obstacles to better integrating TB and HIV activities. It draws on adetailed assessment of the TB program in Eritrea, and the TB/HIV programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania.
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 | West Africa HIV/AIDS Epidemiology and Response Synthesis (PDF 2.51MB) en français (PDF 1.95MB) Portuguese (PDF 120KB)
November 2008
This synthesis paper analyses all available relevant data to carefully characterise the HIV epidemics in 15 West African countries. The aim is to improve understanding of HIV transmission dynamics in this sub-region, assess the extent to which existing responses address these specific transmission dynamics, and recommend ways to improve the effectiveness of West Africa’s epidemic response.
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 | Building on Evidence: A Situational Analysis of the HIV Epidemic and Policy Response in Honduras (PDF 462kb)
October 2008
This paper summarizes key findings of the epidemiological, response and policy synthesis done in Honduras in 2007, presenting HIV prevalence data and estimates of the sources of infection and likely patterns and future trends It briefly explains how this analysis informed the design of Honduras’ new national HIV/AIDS strategy, PENSIDA III, 2008-2012
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 | Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to HIV/AIDS among transport sector workers: a case study of Georgia (PDF 1.22MB)
September 2008
Reports on results of surveys of attitudes and approaches to HIV prevention and care among health and transport sector institutions, NGOs, transport workers (trucking and maritime) and sex workers. A better understanding of the unique needs of transport workers with respect to HIV prevention can help authorities foster an enabling environment for developing specific strategies and targeted HIV intervention programs.
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 | Lessons Learned from Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in Transport Sector Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa
June 2008
Summarizes the links between transport and HIV, assessed the extent to which World Bank transport sector activities in Africa include HIV prevention, and offers lessons and recommendations for improving mainstreaming, so as to reduce HIV risk among transport sector workers and surrounding communities.
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 | Improving Access to HIV/AIDS Medicines in Africa: Assessment of Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Flexibilities Utilization
by Patrick Lumumba Osewe , Yvonne K. Nkrumah , Emmanuel Sackey
Click here to buy
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 | Planning for, Measuring and Achieving HIV Results (PDF 1.6MB)
May 2008
This handbook contains all the information on HIV M&E that task team need for the full project cycle, to help maximize the HIV results that projects will achieve. It provides practical guidance and tools to ensure that results of Bank-funded HIV assistance are measured in a way consistent with the latest global consensus on measuring HIV results, Bank procedures, and the "Three Ones" principle of harmonized country-level HIV M&E systems. it is an invaluable and detailed resource.
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 | Blood Services in Central Asian Health Systems: A Clear & Present Danger of Spreading HIV/AIDS & Other Infectious Diseases (PDF 3.54MB)
May 2008
Until recently, little was known about blood transfusion systems in Central Asia and their contribution to disease transmission. This study (with the CDC), in collaboration with four Ministries of Health, reveals the extent of the risk that unsuspecting doctors in health facilities may be administering contaminated blood to unsuspecting patients. It recommends actions to take to improve blood safety.
(also available in Russian)
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 | HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia: An Epidemiological Synthesis (PDF 1.8MB)
May 2008
This first synthesis and analysis of all epidemiological and response data available for Ethiopia enhances understanding of HIV trends and heterogeneity. (Done by the Federal Ministry of Health HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office of Ethiopia with the World Bank and other partners.)
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 | Mapping and Situation Assessment of Key Populations at High Risk of HIV in Three Cities of Afghanistan
April 2008
Little is known about the HIV epidemic status and potential in Afghanistan. The World Bank & Ministry of Public Health agreed to contract the U.of Manitoba to assess the size and characteristics of Injecting Drug Users and other vulnerable groups at high-risk for HIV in 3 cities of Afghanistan. The information is vital for strategy development and program planning. (To request a hard copy, email salbert@worldbank.org)
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| | Putting it Together: AIDS and the Millennium Development Goals (PDF 842kb)
November 2006
This short paper by Hecht, Alban et al (2006) synthesizes recent evidence indicating that AIDS undermines progress towards many of the other MDGs: lowering poverty, ensuring that all children complete primary education, reducing child death rates, improving maternal health, and fighting malaria and TB.
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 | Preparing National HIV/AIDS Strategies and Action Plans: Lessons of Experience (PDF 282KB) The AIDS Strategy and Action Plan (ASAP) service supports countries to enhance their AIDS strategies to be more prioritized, evidence-based, costed and capable of being implemented. This "practice note" shares experience on preparing HIV/AIDS strategies and action planning. (en français - PDF 353kb; español - PDF 602kb)
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 | HIV and Prisons in sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities for Action (PDF 2.11MB) Limited existing data on HIV in prisons are summarized. What is known is alarming - high HIV risk among prisoners, high transmission risk to non-prison populations, but little attention within HIV programs. This report outlines next steps for assessing national situations, identifying good practices and supporting more effective national policies, programs and service delivery in prison settings. (Joint report by ACTAfricaWorld Bank, UNAIDS & UNODC assisted by WHO/AFRO)
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 | Business Coalitions Tackling AIDS: A Worldwide Review (PDF 2.10MB)
January 2008
Reviews and analyses the current status of 4 regional and 47 national Business Coalitions that are in various stages of development around the world today (and 10 new coalitions planning to launch in 2008-2009). It demonstrates their pivotal role in the AIDS response; describes best practices, benefits, and achievements; and, highlights key challenges facing national and regional coalitions.
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 | Rapid Analysis of HIV Epidemiological and HIV Response Data About Vulnerable Populations in the Great Lakes Region of Africa (PDF 3.37MB)
January 2008
GAMET, with the Great Lakes Initiative on AIDS (GLIA), has analyzed the HIV epidemic and response among vulnerable populations in the sub-region. The report offers 5 policy implications that are informing GLIA's new HIV Strategic Plan (being developed with ASAP support). en Français (PDF 4.18MB)
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 | HIV/AIDS, Nutrition & Food Security: What We Can Do (PDF 936kb) A synthesis of existing international technical guidance on HIV/AIDS, nutrition, and food security, which is a valuable contribution to efforts that support the integration of nutrition and HIV/AIDS projects and programs.
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 | Planning & Managing for HIV/AIDS Results: A Handbook (PDF 3.51MB) This Handbook introduces an approach to HIV strategic thinking and planning that is guided by evidence and oriented to results. It provides "how to" suggestions for each stage of the results cycle: analysing the country's epidemic and response, choosing results and targets to aim for, idenitfying indicators, then activities, and monitoring, managing and improving programs.
(also available in French, PDF 2.65MB; Russian, PDF 2.62MB; Spanish, PDF 4.72MB)
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 | Corporate Responses to HIV/AIDS: Case Studies from India
Indian businesses have become an important stakeholder in the fight against HIV and AIDS. A large share of the country’s HIV-positive population are employed by Indian industry.
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 | Legal Aspects of HIV/AIDS: A Guide for Policy and Law Reform(pdf 738kb)
by Lance Gable, Katharina Gamharter, Lawrence O. Gostin, James G. Hodge Jr., and Rudolf V. Van Puymbroeck An invaluable resource for lawyers, policy makers and other practitioners with an interest in countries’ responses to HIV. This book explains how laws and regulations can either underpin or undermine good public health programs and responsible personal behaviors. (en français, pdf 1.10mb)
Buy online
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| | The Potential Impact of HIV/AIDS Interventions on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Africa (pdf 107kb), by Lori Bollinger and John Stover (Futures Institute) Results of simulations of the impact of HIV prevention, treatment and mitigation interventions, based on modelling strategies published in Science and by UNAIDS. Background paper for the World Bank's Africa HIV/AIDS Agenda for Action 2007-2011. Estimates cost per HIV infection averted, and cost per life year saved of 11 interventions in 3 regions of Africa.
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 | This set of studies summarizes the epidemiology and national response to HIV and AIDS in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Panama and Nicaragua (and a regional overview). The work establishes a baseline for measuring progress and identifying new challenges for the Central America HIV/AIDS Regional Project. It also provides an evidence base for policy dialogue to prepare a regional HIV action plan with common policies and coordinated strategies. Evidence of discrimination against people with HIV in the legal framework and in practice is presented, and successful and promising treatment, prevention and care interventions are described.
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| | Education and HIV prevention: evidence from a randomized evaluation in Western Kenya This evaluation study compares four school-based HIV/AIDS interventions in Kenya: (1) training teachers in the Kenyan Government's HIV/AIDS-education curriculum; (2) encouraging students to debate the role of condoms and to write essays on how to protect themselves against HIV/AIDS; (3) reducing the cost of education by providing free school uniforms; and (4) providing information to girls on differences in HIV rates by age and gender to make them aware of the higher risks of sex with adult men. The main measure of effectiveness is teenage childbearing, which is associated with unprotected sex. After 2 years, girls in schools where teachers had been trained were more likely to be married in the event of a pregnancy. The condom debates and essays increased practical knowledge and self-reported use of condoms without increasing self-reported sexual activity. Reducing the cost of education by paying for school uniforms reduced dropout rates, teen marriage, and childbearing. Information on age-specific HIV rates reduced unprotected sex with adult partners.
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| | Economic growth, education, and AIDS in Kenya: a long-run analysis A long-run "overlapping generations" model of the Kenyan economy explores the impact of AIDS. It predicts large economic costs, and many deaths. Programs that subsidize post-primary education and combat the epidemic are both socially profitable-the latter strikingly so, due to its indirect effects on the expected returns to education.
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| | HIV/AIDS Prevention Among Youth: What Works? (pdf 974kb) Young people are at the heart of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Not only are they disproportionately represented in terms of new infections, but they are also key to overcoming the disease. Effective HIV prevention efforts that focus on youth are crucial to reversing the pandemic. The World Bank is one of the largest official financiers of HIV/AIDS programs in the world, with over $2.7 billion committed for HIV/AIDS prevention, care, support and treatment since 1988. A recent review of Bank projects related to HIV/AIDS (1999-2004) reveals that over 40% include specific youth components, and virtually all include youth as a target group. This note summarizes the growing body of evidence of what works to prevent HIV/AIDS among youth in developing countries.
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 | The State of Business Coalitions in Sub-Saharan Africa: How Businesses Could Suceed in Scaling Up the Business Response to AIDS in Africa
November 2006 In the first ever study of its kind, “The State of Business Coalitions in Sub-Saharan Africa”, shows how 27 countries are supporting businesses in addressing HIV/AIDS.
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 | The Economics of Effective AIDS Treatment: Evaluating Policy Options for Thailand
August 2006 This report indicates that the country's ability to provide ART affordably to more than 80,000 Thais with AIDS is the result of highly effective prevention campaigns over previous years, a vast network of district level hospitals and rural health clinics with the capacity to provide widespread treatment, a strong NGO community that has worked closely with government on rolling out the expanded ART program, and the close involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS themselves.
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 | AIDS in South Asia : Understanding and Responding to a Heterogenous Epidemic
August 2006 South Asia's HIV epidemic is highly heterogeneous. As a result, informed, prioritized, and effective responses necessitate an understanding of the epidemic diversity between and within countries. Further spread of HIV in South Asia is preventable. The future size of South Asia's epidemic will depend on an effective two-pronged approach: firstly, on the scope and effectiveness of HIV prevention programs for sex workers and their clients, injecting drug users and their sexual partners, and men having sex with men and their other sexual partners; and secondly, on the effectiveness of efforts to address the underlying socio-economic determinants of the epidemic, and to reduce stigma and discrimination towards people engaging in high risk behaviors, often marginalized in society, as well as people living with HIV and AIDS.
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 | Preliminary report, 1st Eastern European and Central Asia HIV/AIDS Conference, held in Moscow (pdf 1.27MB)
May 2006
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Grenada Guyana St. Lucia St. Vincent & Grenadines | Getting Results: Recommendations for Legal Reforms to Protect Children Affected by AIDS in the Caribbean
July 2006 These notes suggests key legal reforms – including some "Quick Wins" – that could contribute to improving the legal protection of children who are orphaned or made vulnerable by AIDS in Grenada, Guyana, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
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| | Assessment of Best Practices in HIV Harm Reduction Programs Among the Civilian Population and Prisoners in the Russian Federation (PDF 608kb)
2006
The study describes harm reduction efforts in Russia since 2000; looking at determinants of successes and failures in reducing HIV infection from intravenous drug use among civilians and in prisons. Findings are based on an extensive literature review and interviews with 57 people in 6 cities.
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 | Australia's Successful Response to AIDS and the Role of Law Reform
June 2006
Australia’s successful response to HIV and AIDS included significant policy and legal reform relating to homosexual acts, age of consent, anti-discrimination and anti-vilification, drugs, prostitution, prisons and immigration. This paper describes Australia's epidemic and response, noting the role community groups played, and discusses the law reforms (with examples and links to source documents).
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 | Socioeconomic Impact of HIV/AIDS in Ukraine
May 2006
Ukraine's HIV epidemic is among the fastest growing in Europe. Officially registered new HIV cases doubled 2000-2004. Ukraine may be on the brink of a generalized epidemic. The study forecasts a significant medium-term impact on economic growth, investment and social welfare, life expectancy, and population growth. The longer-term impact could be even more devastating. Prevention and treatment programs must target as a priority young people, women, and the worst-infected regions of Ukraine.
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| | Global Fund - World Bank HIV/AIDS Programs Comparative Advantage Study
January 2006 (PDF 468kb)
This independent study of the HIV/AIDS Programs of the World Bank and the Global Fund by Alex Shakow was jointly commissioned by the World Bank and the Global Fund. It responds to a recommendation of the Global Task Team on Improving AIDS Coordination Among Multilateral Institutions and International Donors asking "The Global Fund and the World Bank to complete a rapid evaluation of areas of overlap, comparative advantage and complementarities". The two institutions welcome this study and its findings, and commit to responding to its recommendations as quickly and comprehensively as possible. (However, the results and findings do not necessarily express the views of the World Bank or the Global Fund.)
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 | Responding to the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Lessons from Global Best Practices
Proceedings of a seminar held by UNAIDS and the World Bank in Geneva, November 2005 (PDF 414kb)
Key government representatives and practitioners from Brazil, Senegal, Thailand and Uganda speak about their country’s response to HIV/AIDS. They share views and approaches on how to quickly get effective programs underway and make a positive impact, difficulties in getting started, successes and failures. Q&A and comments by discussants bring out common elements for success and lessons learned.
Also available in: Chinese (PDF 830kb); French (PDF 622kb); Portuguese (PDF 468kb); Russian (PDF 1MB); Spanish (PDF 964kb)
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 | HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean Region: A Multi-Organization Review
November 2005
Findings and recommendations of a review of the HIV/AIDS program in the Caribbean in Sept/Oct 2005, by a team from DFID, WHO/PAHO, GFATM, UNAIDS Secretariat and the World Bank.
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 | Preventing HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa: A Window of Opportunity to Act
August 2005
This title outlines the role of the Bank in confronting the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the region based on a review of needs and gaps at the regional and country level.
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 | HIV/AIDS in the Western Balkans
Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia & Montenegro, and UN-administered Kosovo have over 2,000 reported HIV/AIDS cases, but the epidemic may be growing fast, especially among youth. 1) Structural factors are present to drive epidemics transmitted predominantly by heterosexual drug users; 2) Conflict and economic decline handicap the ability of governments and civil society to make an effective response; and 3) Old ideologies and vested interests are against key interventions known to be effective. Early concerted efforts by the public sector, NGOs and international community working closely with young people at high risk of being infected or already infected, could avert rapid spread. The key is for injecting drug users to avoid sharing needles and syringes and to adopt safe sex practices, and tackling structural factors in the medium/long term.
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 | Committing to Results: Improving the Effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Assistance
This OED evaluation aims to assess the development effectiveness of the World Bank's country-level HIV/AIDS assistance. It covers policy dialogue, analytic work, and lending with the explicit objective of reducing the scope or impact of the AIDS epidemic. This comprehensive study covers the World Bank's HIV/AIDS support to countries from the beginning of the epidemic through mid-2004. Annexes include comprehensive lists of projects and of reports on HIV/AIDS published or written by Bank staff, and reactions to OED's assessment written by CODE and by Bank Management (see Appendix L, pp207-226).
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 | Accelerating the Education Sector Response to HIV/AIDS in Africa: A Review of World Bank AssistanceAugust 2005 (pdf 518 KB)
This report examines World Bank financing for the Education Sector HIV/AIDS Response in Sub-Saharan Africa up to mid-2004, through the MAP projects and World Bank support for the education sector. Documents and data were reviewed, and key informants interviewed. The review responds to a need for information identified during a consultation with African countries in December 2003.
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 | Lessons Learned to date from HIV/AIDS Transport Corridor ProjectsAugust 2005 (pdf 557 KB)
Drawing on documents and interviews with key stakeholders, the paper reviews the expereinces and challenges faced in preparing and beginning to implement the Abijan-Lagos HIV/AIDS project. The project aims to increase access along the corridor to HIV/AIDS prevention, basic treatment, support and care services. The paper also reviews other transport corridors where HIV/AIDS interventions are needed.
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| | A Social and Gender Assessment of HIV/AIDS Among Refugee Populations in the Great Lake Regions of Africa (PDF 2.11MB)
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 | Reversing the Tide: Priorities for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Central Asia. June 2005.
Governments, NGOs, and international partners in the field have taken initial steps to avoid a major HIV/AIDS epidemic in Central Asia. All countries with the exception of Turkmenistan have put in place coherent overarching policies and strategies to control HIV, which were prepared with assistance from UNAIDS; and all countries have received grants from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (GFATM). NGOs are active in the region, and partner organizations and international NGOs have been providing significant technical and financial assistance. Despite growing regional commitment and resources to prevent and control the epidemic, there are, however, a number of issues that are not being adequately addressed. This study identifies critical gaps, and makes recommendations for further action that will ensure effective early prevention of HIV/AIDS in Central Asia
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 | Lessons from World Bank-Supported Initiatives to Fight HIV/AIDS in Countries with IBRD Loans and IDA Credits in Nonaccrual. (PDF 412kb) May 2005. World Bank Global HIV/AIDS Program Discussion Paper
Using examples drawn from case studies on six countries: the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia, Sudan, Togo, and Zimbabwe, this paper describes how Bank country teams have supported HIV/AIDS work in countries whose IBRD loans and/or IDA credits have been placed in nonaccrual status.
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 | Combating HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia(PDF 1.44mb) April 2005.
This report provides a summary of the epidemic in the region and explains the World Bank's role in combating it. This booklet is filled with facts, figures and graphs on a number of regional issues related to HIV/AIDS and is available below in both English and Russian.
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 | Resource Allocation for HIV Prevention in Argentina: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (PDF 1.11mb) March 2005.
Results of using the START model (and a November 2004 workshop in Argentina) to identify the most effective allocation of resources for HIV prevention, to make the most impact on preventing new infections. Explains the model and its application in Argentina, with data. Also available in Spanish.
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 | HIV/AIDS and Mental Health(January 2005) (PDF 1.11MB)
HNP Discussion Paper
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| | Guidelines for Building Business Coalitions against HIV/AIDS (2004), World Bank, World Economic Forum. UNAIDS
Provides practical operational information to companies and private sector leaders who want to combine forces in the response to HIV/AIDS. It includes lessons learned and examples on how to form or enhance effective business coalitions to respond to HIV. This toolkit can be used as a step-by-step guide or as a reference when facing specific strategic or operational challenges.
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 | Millennium Development Goals for Health in Europe and Central Asia (pdf ) World Bank Working Paper #33. 2004.
This study examines how appropriate the health-related MDGs are for the countries of the ECA region by analysing the impact of the following four scenarios on life expectancy at birth: Achieving MDG targets for infant, child, and maternal mortality; Reducing infant, child, and maternal mortality to EU levels; Reducing infant, child, and maternal mortality to the lowest subregional levels; Reducing deaths from cardiovascular disease and external causes of death to EU levels.
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| | Experience in Scaling Up Support to Local Response in Multi-Country AIDS Programs (MAP) in Africa This paper takes stock of methodologies in scaling up local response components supported by the World Bank’s Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program (MAP) in Africa. The paper draws lessons from, among others, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda. It focuses on experiences of countries that have succeeded in scaling up their local response programs within two to three years, the processes involved and the lessons learned.
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 | Reaching Out to Africa's Orphans: A Framework for Public Action
December 2004
This study is aimed at addressing the needs of young children affected by the loss of one or both parents as a consequence of HIV/AIDS and conflicts. In doing so, it makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of the many risks and vulnerabilities faced by orphans and the ameliorating role played by governments and donors.
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 | National HIV/AIDS Programs: A Handbook on Supply Chain Management for HIV/AIDS Medical Commodities (PDF 735kb)
November 2004
This Handbook explains the basics of logistics and supply chain management for commodities used in HIV/AIDS programs. It offers practical guidelines and checklists. Chapters cover: choosing products, forecasting needs, procurement, storage and distribution, information systems, quality assurance, monitoring and benchmarking.
Also available in French (PDF 645kb)
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| | Addressing HIV/AIDS in East Asia and the Pacific
August 2004
Addressing HIV/AIDS in East Asia and the Pacific identifies options for how the World Bank, in close partnership with government, civil society and other partners, can assist in the response at the country and regional levels. It stresses the need for country specific strategies to address the diversity of issues within the region and highlights the importance of analytic and advisory work in this area to support ongoing and planned programs as well as capacity building efforts.
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 | HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention in India: Modeling the Costs and Consequences
June 2004
How should governments respond to the increasing domestic and international pressures to finance antiretroviral therapy for AIDS patients? Once prohibitively expensive outside rich countries, antiretroviral therapy is now increasingly affordable, especially in India where patent laws and a dynamic pharmaceutical industry have facilitated the production and marketing of some of the best available drug combinations at prices below a dollar a day.
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 | Truck Drivers and Casual Sex: An Inquiry into the Potential Spread of HIV/AIDS in the Baltic Region
July 2004
Truck Drivers and Casual Sex is based on a survey that explores the practice of casual sex among truck drivers and commercial sex workers in the border areas of Poland and Lithuania at a point of time. It uses this evidence to extrapolate the potential impact of these practices on the spread of HIV/AIDS in these countries.
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 | Battling HIV/AIDS: A Decision Maker's Guide to the Procurement of Medicines and Related Supplies
June 2004
Battling HIV/AIDS sets out principles and provides advice on the procurement of HIV/AIDS medicines and related supplies for programs scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART) and associated health services. This technical guide examines the elements required to establish and ensure continuity of supplies, including medicines and other commodities. It provides extensive guidance on key topics: Quality Assurance, Selection & Quantification methods, Intellectual Property Rights, Procurement Strategies, Pricing & Financing, the Supply Cycle and Policy Issues.
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 | Education and HIV/AIDS: A Sourcebook of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs
Alexandria Valerio and Donald Bundy, authors
African Human Development Series. Includes CD-ROM. January 2004. 400 pages. Stock no. 15757 (ISBN 0-8213-5757-3).
The Sourcebook aims to support efforts by countries to strengthen the role of the education sector in the prevention of HIV/AIDS. It was developed in response to numerous requests for a simple forum to help countries share their practical experiences of designing and implementing programs that are targeted at school-age children. The Sourcebook documents thirteen education based HIV/AIDS prevention programs targeting children and youth from seven Sub-Saharan African countries.
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 | Responding to HIV/AIDS in the East Asia and Pacific Region, Vol. 1 of 1(December 2003)
HNP Discussion Paper Series
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| | HIV/AIDS in Georgia: Addressing the Crisis
January 2004
HIV/AIDS in Georgia is an important tool in placing the HIV/AIDS epidemic at the center of the development and aid agenda in Georgia and for identifying the most appropriate and cost-effective interventions in the context of poverty reduction.
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 | HIV/AIDS At a Glance(updated October 2003)
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 | HIV/AIDS in Latin American Countries: The Challenges Ahead
October 2003
HIV/AIDS in Latin American Countries presents new and updated information about the extent and trends of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Latin America; it evaluates current national surveillance capacities, and assesses the national responses of the health sector to the epidemic on a country-by-country basis. Based on analyses of secondary information and on new World Bank–sponsored research and country-level data, the study looks at 17 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, and Uruguay.
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 | HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Central Asia: Country Profiles
Joana Godhino, Thomas Novotny, Hiwote Tadesse, and Anatoly Vinokur
World Bank Working Paper #20. October 2003. 94 pages. Stock no. 15867 (ISBN 0-8213-5867-9).
This study presents country profiles that were developed to inform Bank management and other stakeholders about the main characteristics of the epidemics. The profiles cover epidemiology; strategic and regulatory frameworks; surveillance; preventive, diagnostic, and treatment activities; non-governmental and partner activities; and resources available. This report summarizes the main issues identified by this initial assessment and recommends further study and action.
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 | Averting AIDS Crises in Eastern Europe and Central Asia : A Regional Support Strategy
September 2003. 222 pages. Stock no. 15580 (ISBN 0-8213-5580-5).
The Eastern Europe and Central Asia Region is experiencing the world's fastest-growing HIV/AIDS epidemic and a large burden of tuberculosis. Controlling HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis is a corporate priority for the World Bank Group. This Regional Support Strategy translates the Bank's commitment into an agenda for action in the region.
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 | Local Government Responses to HIV/AIDS: A Handbook
September 2003
This handbook, produced by the World Bank Urban and Global HIV/AIDS programs in collaboration with a number of partners (AMICAALL, UNDP, UN-HABITAT, Urban Management Programme and Cities Alliances), suggests a process and accompanying tools that can support local governments in strengthening and/or developing sustainable responses to HIV/AIDS. The Handbook guides local government authorities through steps of prioritizing HIV/AIDS, assessing local impact of HIV/AIDS, and developing an HIV/AIDS Response Strategy (including workplace policy, mainstreaming and coordinating local responses). It offers suggestions for mobilizing resources, implementing the strategy through partnerships (including civil society organizations, private sector and government agencies), and establishing systems of monitoring and evaluation.
Also available in Frenchand Portuguese.
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 | HIV/AIDS in Central America: An Overview of the Epidemic and Priorities for Prevention(206K PDF)
September 2003
This booklet presents an overview of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Central America. It then summarizes the results of case studies in Guatemala, Honduras and Panama on where money might best be allocated so that prevention efforts make the greatest possible impact on curbing the epidemic.
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| | The Long-run Economic Costs of AIDS: Theory and Application to South Africa (June 2003)
C. Bell, S. Devarajan, H. Gersbach. A long-run "overlapping generations" model, which looks at the effects of AIDS in reducing families' incentive and ability to invest in the education of their children, which reduces future productivity, earnings and national growth.
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 | HIV/AIDS in Southeastern Europe: Case Studies from Bulgaria, Croatia, and Romania2003
This paper reviews the current status of the AIDS epidemics in the three countries, evaluates the approaches and strategies currently being used in each country, and makes recommendation both for government strategies and for the World Bank’s current and potential future involvement in relation to these strategies.
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 | HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa: The Cost of Inaction
2003
This report reviews the HIV/AIDS situation in the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean (MENA/EM) region, and is intended to stimulate discussion and promote dialogue among the region’s policy and decision makers. It seeks to provide a framework for multisectoral strategic action to reduce behaviors that risk spreading HIV, to care for and support those who become infected, and to diminish vulnerability among specific segments of society. Although most evidence suggests that overall HIV prevalence is low in the region, greater investments in improved surveillance, prevention, and care are needed now - to maintain low prevalence levels and preserve the focus on national and regional development goals.
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| | Supply Chain Management and HIV (December 2002) (PDF 177KB)
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| | Optimizing the Allocation of Resources among HIV Prevention Interventions
(from VOANews: Joe deCapua report) (June 2002)
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 | Education and HIV/AIDS: A Window of Hope
by World Bank English BC 103 pages 6 x 9 Published April 2002 by World Bank ISBN: 0-8213-5117-6 SKU: 15117
The global HIV/AIDS epidemic has already killed 20 million people and another 40 million people are currently infected. The magnitude of this epidemic requires a response that confronts the disease from every sector, but education plays a particularly important role. Education and HIV/AIDS provides a strategic direction for the World Bank in responding to the impact of HIV/AIDS on education systems. The central message of this book is that the education of children and youth deserves the highest priority in a world afflicted by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. 
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 | A Guide to the Clinical Care of Women with HIV
2001 First Edition
This guide is available from the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services HIV/AIDS Bureau Web site
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 | Condom Procurement Guide
November 2001
This guide is geared to the operational needs of World Bank staff and Borrower-country counterparts who seek to procure condoms for the prevention of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. It draws upon and complements more detailed documentation produced by the World Health Organization, UNFPA and others, as well as World Bank procurement documents. Its main purposes are to highlight key issues and options to consider when designing condom procurements and to help users navigate the more detailed documentation that is available on these issues when additional information is needed.
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| | Costs of Scaling HIV Program Activities to a National Level in Sub-Saharan Africa: Methods and Estimates
March 31, 2001
This document develops and discusses a resource determination model (RDM) designed to estimate how much would it cost to scale-up different HIV prevention and care strategies to a national level in Sub-Saharan Africa. The model combines cost-studies with detailed information on sexual behavior, condom availability, HIV prevalence and other epidemiological, demographic and health systems. The model yields estimates of the costs of scaling-up ten different HIV prevention and eight care strategies for 37 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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 | IK Notes 30 - Indigenous Knowledge and HIV/AIDS: Ghana and Zambia
March 2001
IK Notes reports periodically on Indigenous Knowledge (IK) initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is published by the Africa Region's Knowledge and Learning Center as part of an evolving IK partnership between the World Bank, communities, NGOs, development institutions and multilateral organizations. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank Group or its partners in this initiative. A web page on IK is available at http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/index.htm
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 | Thailand's Response to AIDS: Building on Success, Confronting the Future(World Bank Report, November 2000)
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| | HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean: Issues and Options
World Bank Report, June 2000
This report offers an overview of the challenges and opportunities in addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean. It provides a snapshot of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the region, gives examples of ways in which Caribbean countries and regional bodies such as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) have responded to the epidemic, and discusses alternative actions for addressing the crisis. This book also highlights a range of strategies for donor coordination and cooperation in the region.
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| | Exploring the Implications of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic for Educational Planning in Selected African Countries: The Demographic Question(March 2000)
The HIV/AIDS epidemic is causing considerable turbulence in the education sector in the region, especially in the high prevalence countries of eastern and southern Africa. In some cases, this turbulence is not being captured in educational planning processes. In these countries, the situation obviously needs to be rectified by examining in detail the impact of the epidemic on the sector and the implications for educational planning.
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| | Sex Workers and the Cost of Safe Sex: The Compensating Differential for Condom Use in Calcutta(World Bank Research Working Paper, May 2000)
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 | The impact of adult deaths on children's health in Northwestern Tanzania (Vol.1)
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, January 2000
This paper examines the impact of adult mortality in Tanzania on three measures of health among children under five: morbidity, height for age, and weight for height. The children hit hardest by the death of a parent or other adult are those in the poorest households, those with uneducated parents, and those with the least access to health care. The authors also show how much three important health interventions-immunization against measles, and rehydration salts, and access to health care-can do to mitigate the impact of adult mortality.
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 | Intensifying Action Against HIV/AIDS in Africa: Responding to a Development CrisisEnglish BC 78 pages Published September 1999 by World Bank ISBN: 0-8213-4572-9 SKU: 14572
The first part of this publication introduces the World Bank's strategy to combat the epidemic in partnership with African governments and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). The second part documents the growing epidemic, its impact on various sectors, and the imperative of urgent action. Additional sections define building blocks for an effective response, delineate the strategic plan for intensifying the actions against AIDS in Africa, discuss the implementation of the suggested measures, and outline further steps that will be necessary after the strategies have been inculcated. French and Portuguese editions also available.
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| | Confronting AIDS
World Bank Policy Research Report, 1999
Revised edition. Confronting AIDS is a strategic document, written to inform and motivate political leaders, policymakers, and development specialists to support the public health community, concerned civil society, and people living with HIV in dealing with this devastating disease. The report offers examples of successful programs from many countries; and presents an analytical framework for deciding which government interventions should have high priority for addressing the epidemic in developing countries. It advocates a broad strategy that can be adapted by countries according to their resources and the stage of their epidemic. The book's combination of epidemiological and economic arguments will provide useful material for courses in development economics, health economics, and public health. Published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press.
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| | The Economic Impact of Fatal Adult Illness from AIDS and Other Causes in Sub-Saharan Africa(World Bank Abstracts of Current Studies, 1998)
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 | AIDS Prevention and Mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa : An Updated World Bank Strategy (Vol.1)
World Bank Sector Report, 1996
In response to the ever-changing nature of the AIDS epidemic, this update is the 2nd review of the World Bank's 1988 AIDS strategy for Africa. The 1st review, in 1992, found that the 6 strategy actions from 1988 concerning economic & sector work, lending & capacity-building had been initiated with progress. As the 1992 review identified new areas requiring attention, this review suggests some additional actions to assist Africans: 1) generate greater political commitment to the Organization of African Unity declarations on AIDS; 2) work more vigorously to change health behaviors; 3) intensify national programs according to a typology of countries based on severity of prevalence levels; 4) increase the analysis of AIDS & its impact on development goals in economic & sector work; and 5) improve the design & implementation of cost-effective approaches to mitigate the consequences of AIDS.
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