Key Readings

The following page lists the complete bibliography of all the readings mentioned in the sections: Poverty, Growth, and Inequality and Measuring Pro-Poor Growth. Each reading is linked to the full text of the original paper. For readings beyond those mentioned on this site, refer to Additional Readings below. Please note that the World Bank is not responsible for the content of external websites.

Poverty, Growth and Inequality

Growth and Poverty

Bourguignon, F. (2003). "The Growth Elasticity of Poverty Reduction; Explaining Heterogeneity Across Countries and Time Periods," in T. Eicher and S. Turnovsky, eds. Inequality and growth. Theory and Policy Implications. Cambridge: The MIT Press
Deninger, K. and L. Squire (1998). "New Ways of Looking at Old Issues: Asset Inequality and Growth." Journal of Development Economics, 57.
Dollar, D and A. Kraay (2002). "Growth is Good for the Poor." Journal of Economic Growth, 7(3). pp 195-225.
Foster, J. and M. Székely (2001). "Is Economic Growth Good for the Poor? Tracking Low Incomes Using General Means." Inter-American Development Bank Research Department Working Paper No. 453.
Kraay, A. (2004). "When is Growth Pro-Poor? Evidence from a Panel of Countries." The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3225.
Ravallion, M. (1997). "Can High Inequality Development Countries Escape Absolute Poverty?" Economics Letters, 56(1).
Ravallion, M. (2002). "Externalities in Rural Development: Evidence from China." The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 2879.
Ravallion, M. (2004). "Pro-Poor Growth: A Primer." The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 3242.

Growth and Inequality

Aghion, P., E. Caroli, and C. Garcia-Peñalosa (1999). "Inequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective of the New Growth Theories", Journal of Economic Literature, 37.
Alesina, A. and R. Perotti (1996). "Income Distribution, Political Instability, and Investment." European Economic Review, 40(6).
Alesina, A. and D. Rodrik (1994). "Distributive Politics and Economic Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2).
Banerjee, A. and E. Duflo (2003). "Inequality and Growth: What Can the Data Say?" Journal of Economic Growth, 8.
Barro, R. (2000). "Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries", Journal of Economic Growth, 5.
Birdsall, N. and J. L. Londoño, (1997). "Asset Inequality Matters: An Assessment of the World Bank’s Approach to Poverty Reduction." American Economic Review Papers and Proceeding, 87(2).
Bourguignon, F. (1981). "Pareto-Superiority of Unegalitarian Equilibria in Stiglitz' Model of Wealth Distribution with Convex Savings Function." Econometrica, 49.
Chen, S. and M. Ravallion (1997), "What Can New Survey Data Tell Us about Recent Changes in Distribution and Poverty?" The World Bank Economic Review, 11(2).
Deninger, K. and L. Squire (1996). "A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality." The World Bank Economic Review, 10(3).
Easterly, W. (1999). "Life During Growth: International Evidence on Quality of Life and Per Capita Income." Journal of Economic Growth, 4.
Easterly, W. and S. Rebelo (1993). "Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation." Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(3).
Forbes, K. (2000). "A Reassessment of the Relationship between Inequality and Growth." American Economic Review, 90(4).
Galor, O. and J. Zeira (1993). "Income Distribution and Macroeconomics." Review of Economic Studies, 60(1).
Li H. and H. Zou (1998) "Income Inequality is not Harmful for Growth: Theory and Evidence", Review of Development Economics, 2(3).
Lopez, H. and L. Serven (2006). "A Normal Relationship? Poverty, Growth, and Inequality", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3814. The World Bank: Washington, D.C.
Mirrlees J. (1971) "An Exploration in the Theory of Optimum Income Taxation", Review of Economic Studies, 38.
Perotti, R. (1996), "Growth, Income Distribution and Democracy." Journal of Economic Growth, 1.

Measuring Pro-Poor Growth

Atkinson, A. (1987). "On the Measurement of Poverty." Econometrica. Vol. 55. No 4.
Bhalla, Surjit (2002). “Imagine There’s No Country: Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in the Era of Globalization.” Washington DC, Institute for International Economics.
Bourguignon, F. (2003). "The Growth Elasticity of Poverty Reduction; Explaining Heterogeneity Across Countries and Time Periods," in T. Eicher and S. Turnovsky, eds. Inequality and growth. Theory and Policy Implications. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Datt, G. and M. Ravallion (1992). "Growth and Redistribution Components of Changes in Poverty Measures: A Decomposition with Applications to Brazil and India in the 1980s." Living standards measurement study (LSMS). Working paper LSM no. 83. September 1991.
Kakwani, (1990)."Poverty and Economic Growth with Application to Côte d'Ivoire." Living Standards Measurment Study (LSMS). World Bank Working Paper No. 63.
Kakwani, N. and E. Pernia (2001). "What is Pro-Poor Growth?" Asian Development Review 18.
Kakwani, N. and H. Son (2002). "Pro-Poor Growth: Concept, Measurement, and Application", unpublished mimeo, University of New South Wales, Sydney: Australia.
Klasen, S. (2003). "In Search of The Holy Grail: How to Achieve Pro-Poor Growth?" Conference Papers for "The ABCDE-Europe Conference Towards Pro-Poor Policies". World Bank, Oslo: June 24-26, 2002.
Lopez, H. and L. Serven (2004). "The Mechanics of Growth-Poverty-Inequality Relationship", Mimeo, The World Bank.
McCulloch, N. and B. Baulch (1999). "Tracking Pro-Poor Growth: New Ways to Spot the Biases and Benefits." ID21 Insights No. 31, September. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.
Kraay, A. (2004). "When is Growth Pro-Poor? Evidence from a Panel of Countries," The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3225.
Ravallion, M. (1997). "Can High-Inequality Developing Countries Escape Absolute Poverty?" Economic Letters 56.
Ravallion, Martin (2001). “Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: Looking Beyond Averages.” World Bank Policy Research Paper 2558. World Bank, Washington DC.
Ravallion, M. and S. Chen (2003). "Measuring Pro-Poor Growth." World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 2666.
Ravallion, M. (2004). "Pro-Poor Growth: A Primer." The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 3242.
Son, H. (2004). "A Note on Pro-Poor Growth." Economics Letters. Economics Letters 82:3.
Son, H. (2003). "A New Poverty Decomposition." Journal of Economic Inequality. Vol. 2.
Son, H. (2003). "Approaches to Defining and Measuring Pro-Poor Growth". Unpublished mimeo, World Bank, Washington DC.

Additional Readings

Macro and Pro-Poor Growth

Bhagwait, J.N. (1988). “Poverty and Public Policy.” World Development Report, 16(5).
Bourguignon, F. (2001). “The Pace of Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction.” Paper presented at LACEA 2001 Conference.
Bourguignon, F. (2004). “The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle.” Paper Presented at the "Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations." World Bank. February 4, 2004.
Calderón, C. and L. Serven (2003). “Macroeconomic Dimensions of Infrastructure in Latin America.” Mimeo, The World Bank.
Chen, S. and M. Ravallion (2003). “Household Welfare Impacts of China’s Accession to the World Trade Organization.” The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 3040.
Chenery, H. and M. Ahluwhalia (1974). Redistribution with Growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cord, L., H. Lopez, and J. Page (2003). “When I Use A Word.” World Bank, August 2003: Washington DC.
Dollar, David and Aart Kraay (2001). “Trade, Growth and Poverty.“ World Bank, Development Research Group, Washington, D.C.
Eastwood, Robert and Michael Lipton (2001). “Pro-poor Growth and Pro-Growth Poverty Reduction: What do they Mean? What does the Evidence Mean? What can Policymakers do?” Paper presented at the Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty Reduction, Asian Development Bank, Manila, February 5-9.
Kakwani, N. (2000). “On Measuring Growth and Inequality Components of Poverty with Application to Thailand.” Journal of Quantitative Economics. Vol. 16.
Li, H. and H. Zou (2002). “Inflation, Growth, and Income Distribution: A Cross-Country Study.” Annals of Economics and Finance, 3.
Lopez, H. (2004). “Pro-Poor-Pro-Growth: Is There a Trade-Off?” The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 3378.
Lundberg, M. and L. Squire (2003). “The Simultaneous Evolution of Growth and Inequality.” The Economic Journal, 113.
Ravallion, M. and G. Datt (2002). “Why Has Economic Growth Been More Pro-Poor in Some States of India Than Others?” Journal of Development Economics, 68.
Ravallion, M. and M. Lokshin (2004). “Gainers and Losers from Trade Reform in Morocco.” The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 3368.

Pro-Poor Growth and Agriculture and Rural Development

Besley, Timothy and Robin Burgess (1998). “Land Reform, Poverty Reduction and Growth: Evidence from India.” Development Economics Discussion Paper 13. London School of Economics, London.
Dercon, Stefan (2002). “The Impact of Economic Reforms in Rural Households in Ethiopia.” World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Dorward, Andrew Jonathan Kydd, Jamie Morrison and Ian Urey (2002). “A Policy Agenda for Pro-Poor Agricultural Growth”. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Kent, UK.
Fan, Shenggen, Peter Hazell, and Sukhadeo Thorat (1999). “Linkages Between Government Spending, Growth, and Poverty in Rural India.” IFPRI Research Report 110. IFPRI, Washington, D.C.
Fan, Shenggen, Linxiu Zhang, and Xiaobo Zhang (2002). "Growth, Inequality, and Poverty in Rural China: The Role of Public Investments." IFPRI Research Report 125. IFPRI, Washington, D.C.
Farrington, John, Ian Christoplos, Andrew Kidd, Malin Beckman and Elizabeth Cromwell (2002). "Creating a Policy Environment for Pro-Poor Agricultural Extension: The Who? What? and How?" Overseas Development Institute, London.
Farrington, John, Ian Christoplos, Andrew Kidd, Malin Beckman (2002). "Extension, Poverty, and Vulnerability: the Scope for Policy Reform. Final Report of a study for the Neuchatel Initiative." Working Paper 155. Overseas Development Institute, London.
Haggblade, Steven, Peter Hazell and Thomas Reardon (2002). "Strategies for Stimulating Poverty-alleviating Growth in the Rural Non-farm Economy in Developing Countries." Environment and Production Technology Division Discussion Paper 92. IFPRI, Washington, D.C.
Kydd, Jonathan, Andrew Dorward, Jamie Morrison and Georg Cadisch (2001). “The Role of Agriculture in Pro-Poor Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Kent, UK.
Mellor, John (2000) “Faster More Equitable Growth: The Relation Between Growth in Agriculture and Poverty Reduction.” CAER II Discussion Paper 70. Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge, MA.
McCulloch, Neil and Masako Ota (2002). "Is the Promotion of Export Horticulture a Successful Pro-Poor Development Strategy for Kenya?" Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, UK.
Ravallion, Martin and Gaurav Datt (2002). “Why Has Economic Growth Been More Pro-Poor in Some States of India than Others?” Journal of Development Economics 68(2).
Start, Daniel (2001). "The Rise and Fall of the Rural Non-farm Economy: Poverty Impacts and Policy Options." Development Policy Review 19(4).

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