There is less information, and less emphasis on reducing the level of error, fraud and corruption (EFC) affecting Social Protection (SP) programs in developing countries, due to the limited capacity and resources, the lack of accurate computerized systems of auditing, and the large share of informal economy. Some of the tools to control the level of error and fraud which are used in OECD countries seem to be “underutilized” in developing countries. These include: (a) sample-based reviews of eligibility decisions or other program aspects (as used in UK, Australia, New Zealand and in the Food Stamp program in the U.S.); (b) data mining (analysis which aims to discover evidence of problematic payments); (c) educational activities and public communication; (d) setting of goals on errors/fraud and monitoring of performance; (e) easy mechanisms (on-line, for example) to report suspected fraud; and (f) procedures for beneficiaries to appeal eligibility or other decisions made by program administrations (an emphasis in ECA countries). A small number of developing countries have made significant steps in reducing the level of EFC. We focus here on selected instruments used in SP programs in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Ethiopia to reduce the level of EFC.
 Reducing Error, Fraud & Corruption in Social Protection Programs
Reducing Error, Fraud & Corruption in OECD Countries
International Benchmarking
The United Kingdom’s Experience in Reducing Error & Fraud
Efforts to Combat Error, Fraud & Corruption in SP Systems: Country Examples
Measuring Error & Fraud
International Cooperation to Reduce Error, Fraud & Corruption
Control & Accountability Mechanisms in Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Review of Programs in Latin America & the Caribbean
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