Key Readings

Alcock, P, G Craig, P Lawless, S Pearson and D Robinson. 1998 Inclusive Regeneration: Local Authorities' Corporate Strategies for Tackling Disadvantage. The Center for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University and The Policy Studies Research Center, University of Lincolnshire and Humberside. http://www.regeneration.dtlr.gov.uk/rs/01498.htm

Arzeni, Sergio and Jean-Pierre Pelligrin. 1997. Entrepreneurship and Local Development. The OECD Observer, No 204 Feb./Mar 1997. This article also gives an excellent account of cluster networking for SMEs.

Bartik, T. 1995. Economic Development Incentive Wars. Employment Research, Spring 1995. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. This short paper and related references provides a sound basis from which to consider monitoring and evaluation of financial incentives. http://www.upjohninst.org/publications/newsletter/tjb_595.pdf

Bartik, Timothy J. and Richard Bingham. 1995. Can Economic Development Programs be Evaluated? Upjohn Institute Staff Working Paper 95-29. http://www.upjohninst.org/publications/wp/95-29.pdf. Prepared for Richard Bingham and Robert Myer, Significant Issues in Economic Development (Sage Publications, CA).

Beauregard, Robert A. 1999. The Local Employment Fulcrum: Evaluating Local Economic Performance. Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 1. February 1999. pp. 23-28. Sage Publications, CA

Bennett, R.J. and G. Krebs. 1991. Local Economic Development: Public-Private Partnership Initiative in Britain and Germany. Belhaven London.

Blakely, Edward. 1989. Planning and Local Economic Development. Theory and Practice. Sage Publications, CA

Bradshaw, Ted and Edward Blakely. 1999. What are “Third Wave” State Local Economic Development Efforts? From Incentives to Industrial Policy. Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3. August 1999. pp. 229-244. Sage Publications, CA. This article presents an analysis of the shifting emphasis of local economic development policies and practices.

Buss, Terry F. 1999. The Case Against Targeted Industry Strategies. Economic Development Quarterly. Vol. 13, No 4. November 1999. pp. 339-356. Sage Publications, CA. Puts forward some interesting points including the following Targeting is central planning and local industrial policy masquerading under different names: strategic planning, competition policy, retention/attraction and the like.” This paper is worth reading not least to improve techniques for LED

Campbell et al. 1998. The Era of Tailor Made Jobs: Second Report on Local Development and Employment Initiatives. Forward Studies Unit. Brussels.

Campbell, Mike. 1997. The Third System, Employment and Local Development: Volumn 1, Synthesis Report, Policy Research Institute, Leeds Metropolitan University for the European Union Commission. http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/empl&esf/3syst/vol1_en.pdf. The Third system refers to a diverse range of organizations outside the public and traditional private sectors, encompassing co-operatives, mutuals, associations, foundations, charities, voluntary and not-for-profit organizations.

Campbell, Mike with Ian Sanderson and Fiona Walton. November 1998. Local Responses to Long Term Unemployment. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. YPS York.http://www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/sprn28.asp  

Chappell, David S. and Hugh Sherman. 1998. Methodological challenges in evaluating business incubator outcomes. Economic Development Quarterly. Vol. 12, No 4. November 1998. pp. 313-321. Sage Publications, CA.

Clarke, S.E. and Gaile, G.L. 1992. The Next Wave; Postfederal Local Economic Development Strategies. Economic Development Quarterly. Vol. 6, No. 2. pp.87-198. Sage Publications, CA.

Council for Urban Economic Development. February 2000. Local Economic Development in the CEE/NIS Region. Overview Paper, Draft prepared for USAID.

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. 1998. Urban Development Corporations: Performance and Good Practice. Regeneration Research Summary No. 17. UK. http://www.regeneration.detr.gov.uk/rs/01798.htm  

Dillinger, William. 1995. Urban Property Tax Reform: Guidelines and Recommendations. Urban Management Program Discussion Paper No. 1. World Bank.

Dowall, David. 1995. The Land Market Assessment: A New Tool for Urban Management. Urban Management Program Discussion Paper No. 4. World Bank.

Dowall, David and Giles Clarke. 1996. A Framework for Reforming Urban Land Policies in Developing Countries. Urban Management Program Discussion Paper No. 7. World Bank.

Economic Development Administration (EDA). Evaluation of Incubator Investments in the US. This study examined, in detail the performance of EDA funded incubators, as against non-EDA funded projects. Significantly good results were identified that give a good case example. The study concluded that incubators help build healthy, long-lasting businesses that create significant numbers of new jobs at low costs.

Economic Development Administration (EDA). October 1997. Cluster Based Economic Development: A key to Regional Competitiveness. Prepared by Information Design Associates (IDeA) with ICF Kaiser International. http://www.doc.gov/eda/pdf/1G3_5_cluster.pdf. This is an excellent 4-page summary. For a detailed report phone the US Local Economic Development Agency on 202 482 4085.

Economic Development Quarterly. February 1999. For those interested in a more detailed understanding of contemporary issues in urban local economic development monitoring and evaluation, please note that there are a series of informative articles in this publication.

Erickcek, G. 1996. Developing Community Economic Outcomes Measures. Employment Research, March 1996. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. The Upjohn Institute is keenly interested in LED and monitoring and evaluation. This paper looks at outcome measures and how they should be used. http://www.upjohninst.org/publications/newsletter/gae_f96.pdf

Ernst & Young. July 1999. Thematic Evaluation of Structural Fund Impacts on SMEs. European Commission (DGXVI). http://europa.eu.int/comm/regional_policy/sources/docgener/evaluation/pdf/eval_sme.pdf. This report goes into detail on the evaluation of SME support measures. It includes in-depth research methodology as well as case studies; a long, detailed, useful read. Good practice is highlighted in this report also.

European Commission. 1997. Towards an urban agenda in the European Union. “Directions for the Future”. pp 13-17. Communication from the European Commission COM(97)197, June 1997. Brussels.

European Commission. 1999. Sustainable Urban Development in the European Union: A Framework for Action. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. COM (98)605. The Commission advocates an area-based approach to the regeneration of deprived urban areas under the Structural Funds, integrating economic, social, cultural, environmental, transport and security aspects.

Hugo Priemus, Boelhouwer, P. and Kruthoff, H. 1997. Dutch Urban Policy: A Promising Perspective for Big Cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. December 1997, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 677-690(14), Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford, UK and Boston, USA

Humphreys, Eileen. 1996. LEDA Pilot Actions: Synthesis Report. Local and Regional Development Planning, London.

Iannone, D. 1997. Introduction to Economic Development: A Training Course for Economic Development Professionals, Washington, D.C.: National Council for Urban Economic Development.

Iannone, D. 1999 “An Assessment of the Costs, Benefits, and Overall Impacts of the State of Ohio’s Local Economic Development Programs”. Prepared by The Urban Center, Maxine Goodman Levine College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, for the State of Ohio Economic Advisory Committee. The study provides one of the most comprehensive assessments of local economic development programs yet published. As such, it will be very helpful to all those looking to develop national and local area economic development programs and policies and will be referred to frequently in this report. As a universal disclaimer, the contents of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the state of Ohio or a consensus of the local economic development Advisory Committee. http://www.state.oh.us/obm/media/articles/economicstudy.asp (277 pages) Summary pages 6 to 33.

ILO. 1995. Lessons from the LEDA Program. Local and Regional Development Planning. London.

Jenkins, N. and M. Bennett. February 1999. “Toward an Empowerment Zone Evaluation”. Economic Development Quarterly. Vol. 13 No. 1. Sage Publications, CA. An informative article on developing evaluation methods for Empowerment Zones in the US, a type of ‘third-wave’ strategy.

Kane, J. and Shinka M. 1994. Rethinking State Development Policies and Programs. Washington DC. National Governors Association . This article describes the the evolution of Local economic development.

LEDA. 1991.Orientations for Local Economic Development Strategies: Rural Areas. Local and Regional Development Planning. London. Commission Européenne (1997) Premier rapport sur les initiatives locales de développement et d’emploi: Des leçons pour les pactes territoriaux et locaux pour l’emploi. Lorthiois, J (1996) Le Diagnostic Local de Ressources. Aide à la Décision. ASDIC, Lusigny sur Ouche et Editions W, Macon.

LEDA. 1995; LEDA Partneriat, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c. Setting up/Managing Local Partnerships for Employment. and les Partenariats Territoriaux pour L’emploie. All LEDA-Partenariat London; Working in Partnership: Lessons from the Literature..Hutchinson and Campbell, 1998 Department of Education and Employment Research Report No 52. Sheffield England.

Meadows, Pam. January 2001. “Lessons for Employment Policy”. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. A review on employment policy and local delivery sytems.

Mier R and Bingham R. 1993. Metaphors of Local Economic Development in Theories of Local Economic Development: Perspectives from Across the Disciplines. pp 284-304. Sage Publications, CA.

Mueller, Elizabeth and Alex Schwartz. 1998. Leaving Poverty Through Work: A Review of Current Development Strategies. Economic Development Quarterly. Vol. 12 No 2. pp 166-180.

OECD. 1996. Transition at the Local Level: The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and the Slovak Republic, Paris.

OECD. 1997. New Directions for Industrial Policy. OECD Policy Brief No 3 1.

OECD. 1997.“New Directions for Industrial Policy”. Policy Brief No-3. This paper gives an overview on responses of industrial policy to the changing economic climate. It also has some excellent recommendations for further reading as well as giving details of relevant OECD research.

OECD. 1998. “Arresting Decline in Urban Areas” The OECD Observer No 210 February/March 1998 http://www.oecd.org//publications/observer/210/005-016a.pdf. The OECD has published a short and informative paper on the inadequacies of urban policies in OECD countries and how in the last two decades they are moving towards a “more integrated, multi-sectoral policy approach which has two main characteristics. First, they explicitly recognize the interrelationships between socio-economic factors affecting urban areas; they emphasize endogenous development and the creation of opportunities within the deprived neighborhood”. This paper is well worth reading

OECD. 1998. Local Management for More Effective Employment Policy. OECD Paris.

OECD. 1999. “Urban Brownfields” OECD Territorial Development Service.

OECD. 1999. Best Practices in Local Economic Development LEED OECD. http://www.oecd.org/tds/docsword/bestpracticesLEED.doc 

OECD. 1999. Decentralizing Employment Policy: New Trends and Challenges. OECD Paris.

OECD. Local Economies and Globalization. LEED Notebook, No. 20. Good for case studies; this LEED Notebook, No 20 provides valuable information about Local Capacity Building. http://www.oecd.org/tds/bis/leed.htm

Pizzinato, Antonio. 1997. Industrial Restructuring and Local Development - The Case of Sesto San Giovanni. OECD. LEED Notebook, No. 24. This paper also gives a useful overview of trends in the delivery of local economic development in areas of industrial decline. http://www.oecd.org/tds/bis/leed.htm 

Reese, Laura A and David Fasenfest. 1999. “Key Perspectives on Local Development Policy Evaluation. Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 13 No. 1 February. 3-7 Sage Publications. www.oecd.org/tds/bis/brownfields.htm 

Roelandt, T. and den Hertog, P., Ed. 1998. Cluster Analysis and Cluster Based Policy in OECD Countries: Various Approaches, Early Results and Policy Implications. Draft synthesis report on Phase1, OECD Focus Group on Industrial Clusters. OECD. http://www.oecd.org//dsti/sti/s_t/inte/nis/membersonly/pdf/FG_CLUST.pdf

Ross, D. and R. Friedman. 1990. The Emerging Third Wave: New Local Economic Development Strategies. Entrepreneurial Economy Review, 90, pages 3-10.

Siegel, B. and P. Kwass. November 1995. Jobs and the Urban Poor. Publicly Initiated Sectoral Strategies. Mt. Auburn Associates Inc., Somerville, MA. http://www.mott.org/publications/jobs_urbanpoor_public.pdf

Stanchev, K., and Yonkova, A., Eds. Legal and Regulatory Reform: Impacts on Private Sector Growth. Institute for Market Economics. http://www.ime-bg.org/pdf_docs/papers/lrr.pdf

Tavistock Institute and ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd. February 1999. The Thematic Evaluation of the Partnership Principle. http://www.inforegio.cec.eu.int/wbdoc/docgener/evaluation/rathe_en.htm. This evaluation of the partnership principle is the first major thematic evaluation of this guiding principal of the EU Structural Funds. The study aimed to demonstrate the impacts of partnership at the different stages of the policy cycle as well as highlighting areas which have scope for improvement. The study was undertaken by means of 54 case studies across the Union conducted by teams of national experts in accordance with a common methodology.

United States Department of Commerce. 1999. Evaluating Business Development Incentives. Prepared for the US Department of Commerce EDA Project #99-07-13794. http://www.doc.gov/eda/pdf/EBDI_report.pdf 

Vetrov, German. Principal Changes in Municipal Economic Development in 1998-2000. The Institute for Urban Economics. http://www.urbaneconomics.ru/eng/activity/development/part01.html

Wong, Celia. 1998. Determining Factors for Local Economic Development: The Perception of Practitioners in the North West and Eastern Regions of the UK. Regional Studies. Vol.32.8. pp 707-720. This paper gives many references on research in both traditional and softer LED.