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What is Urban Poverty? Key Resources: What is Urban Poverty ID21 Insights. ID21 Report on Urban-Rural Interface. Issue #41, May 2002. de Haan, A., M. Drinkwater, C. Rakodi and K. Westley. Methods for understanding urban poverty and livelihoods. 2002. - Farrington, J., T. Ramasut and J. Walker. Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches in Urban Areas: General Lessons, with Illustrations from Indian Cases. SIDA, March 2002.
Report of the Fourth International Forum on Urban Poverty. Marrakesh, Morocco, 16-19 October, 2001. Satterthwaite, D. Rural and Urban Poverty: Understanding the Differences. Sept 2001. Fayman, S., L. Santana. Introductory report on the inclusive city. AITEC and ACT Consultants, Paris. 2001. Meeting the Challenge of Poverty in Urban Areas. DFID, 2001. Ravallion, M. On the Urbanization of Poverty. 2001. World Bank, Washington, D.C. World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. World Bank.Washington, D.C. Sanderson, D. Cities, Disasters and Livelihoods. OCHA Situation Report, Geneva. Jan. 2000. Brook, R. and J. D. Davila (eds). The Peri-urban Interface. A Tale of Two Cities. University of Wales and DPU, London 2000. Moser, C. The Asset Vulnerability Framework: Reassessing Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies. World Development, Vol. 26, No. 1 pp. 1-19, 1998. World Bank, Washington D.C. O’Brien, D., J. Wilkes, A. de Haan, S. Maxwell, Poverty and Social exclusion in North and South. IDS working paper 55, 1997. - Localizing the Habitat Agenda for Urban Poverty Reduction - The Max Lock Centre Research Project. March 2002.
Rakodi, C. Urban Poverty: Issues and Interventions. Cardiff University.
Rural-Urban Interface Presentations Case Studies Osinubi, T.S. Urban poverty in Nigeria: a case study of Agege area of Lagos State, Nigeria. University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2003. Hussain, A. Urban Poverty in China: Measurement, Patterns and Policies, International Labour Office, Geneva, 2003. - Kedir, A.M. An overview of recent quantitative and qualitative evidence on urban poverty in Ethiopia, Chronic Poverty Research Centre (CPRC), UK, 2005
China Urban Poverty Study (DFID/GHK, 2004) Urban Poverty in the Context of Localized Poverty Reduction, Proceedings of the LPRV Workshop on Urban Poverty Reduction: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Localized Poverty Reduction in Vietnam Program (CHS), February 2001.
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How to Assess Urban Poverty Key Resources: How to Assess Urban Poverty Baker, J. and N. Schuler. Analyzing Urban Poverty: A Summary of Methods and Approaches. Policy Research Working paper Vol.1. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 2004. Energy and Infrastructure (ECSIE). Dimensions of Urban Poverty in ECA, World Bank Report, Washington, D.C. 2004. Mitlin, D. and D. Satterthwaite. How the scale and nature of urban poverty are under-estimated – the limitations of the US$ 1 a day poverty line. 2002. Lanjouw, P., J. Mistaen, and B. Ozler, Poverty Mapping in Urban Areas. 2002. World Bank. Washington, D.C. Herrera, J. and F. Roubaud. Urban Poverty Dynamics in Peru and Madagascar 1997-1999: A Panel Data Analysis. Chronic Poverty Research Center, 1999. GIS Development. GIS and Urban Planning.
Collecting Indicators and Constructing Poverty Profiles Participatory Approaches; Techniques and Qualitative Assessments Case studies/examples Presentations Back to top
What are the Policy Issues OECD. DAC Guidelines on Poverty Reduction. May, 2001. UN ESCAP. Urban Poverty Alleviation. Paper presented in preparation for Istanbul+5 for Asia and the Pacific. October 2000. McGee, R. and K. Brock. From Poverty Assessment to Policy Change: Processes, Actors and Data. July 2001, Working Paper 133, Institute for Development Studies, England. Local Government and Poverty Reduction. Report for Istanbul+5 Federation of Canadian Municipalities International Center for Municipal Development. 2001 Mokate, R. Local Government as a Catalyst for Poverty Alleviation. A policy analysis approach. Economic and Social Analysis. Journal of Public Administration. Moore, M. and J. Putzel. Thinking Strategically about Politics and Poverty. Working Paper 101, Institute for Development Studies, England.
Case studies/examples and Presentations Baharoglu, D. Addressing Urban Poverty: Policies and Programs. The Urban Management Course, Singapore 2001, World Bank Institute. Benjamin, S. Governance, Economic Settings and Poverty in Banglore. Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 12, No. 1. April 2000. Beal, J., O. Crankshaw and S. Parnell. Local Government, Poverty Reduction and Inequality in Johannesburg. Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 12, No. 1 April 2000. - Kessides, C. Urban Poverty: From Assessment to Strategies - Urban within the PRSP Process. World Bank. Washington, D.C.
Land, Housing and Urban Services Baharoglu, D. World Bank Experience in Land Management & The Debate on Tenure Security. 2002. Payne, G. Lowering the Ladder: Regulatory Frameworks for Sustainable Development. Development in Practice Vol 11 Number 2&3, May 2001. Baharoglu, D. Urban Land. WBI Urban and City Management Program Distance Learning Course Book, 2001. Payne, G. Urban Land Tenure Policy Options: Titles or Rights? World Bank Urban Forum. April 2000. Adequate Shelter for All - Implementing the Habitat Agenda DPU and DFID 2001 - Reducing Urban Poverty; Adequate Shelter for All (land management and tenure security). UN-HABITAT. Global campaign for Secure Tenure. UN-HABITAT. Housing Access to Finance, Land and Secure Tenure. Best Practices Briefs. Housing and Land. World Bank Housing and Land website. Gilbert, A. Housing in the Third World Cities: The Critical Issues. Geography Volume 85(2), Pages 145-155. UN ESCAP. Municipal Land Management in Asia – A Comparative Study. Provision of Urban Land and Shelter in "Guiding Cities". UMP, DPU and IHS. Pamuk, A. Tools for Land and Housing Market Diagnosis. University of Virginia. March 1999. UN ESCAP. Urban Land Policies for the Uninitiated. Payne, G. Urban Land Tenure and Property Rights in Developing Countries A review. DFID. World Bank, The. Dhaka: Improving Living Conditions for the Urban Poor. Bangladesh Development Series, Paper No. 17. The World Bank. June 2007. (Resource web site)
Case studies/examples Kumar S. Social Relation Rental Housing Markets and the Poor in Urban India, 2001. Prepared for DFID. UN-HABITAT. Handbook on Best Practices: Security of Tenure and Access to Land. 2003. Upgrading of Low income Urban Settlements: Mali. World Bank. Washington, D.C. January 2002. Upgrading Urban Communities: Case Examples. World Bank. Washington, D.C. 2001.
Housing Finance Shelter Finance for the Poor Series Synthesis. CIVIS Issue 4v, April 2003. The Enabling Environment for Housing Microfinance in Kenya. CIVIS Issue 4iv, April 2003. FUNHAVI's Housing Microfinance Program. CIVIS Issue 4i, November 2002. Micasa: Housing Financing in Peru. CIVIS Issue 4ii, November 2002. SEWA Bank: Housing Finance in India. CIVIS Issue 4iii, November 2002 Shelter Finance for the Poor. Cities Alliance and Partners, 2002. So, You Want To Do Housing Microfinance? – A Guide to Incorporating a Home Improvement Loan Program into a Microfinance Institution. Cooperative Housing Foundation (CHF), January 2001. Bank Preview. Ferguson, B. and E. Haider. Mainstreaming Microfinance of Housing. Inter American Development Bank, Sept 2000, Housing Finance International. Klinkhamer, M. Micro-finance Housing Products and Experience with Land Title as Collateral. June 2000, The Group for Home and Infrastructure Finance Inc. Baharoglu, D. and M. Chretien. Housing Finance Guide for Practitioners. IHS, 1999. Finance, Affordability and Accessibility; Locally Managed Credit Mechanisms; Housing loan programs. Implementing the Habitat Agenda DPU DFID. Ferguson, B. Micro-finance for Housing Lessons from Practitioners. IDB. UHCHS. The Management of Revolving Funds for House Improvement Loans. 1991.
Case studies/examples/ Tools Presentations Service Provision Access to urban services and land in "Guiding Cities". UMP, IHS and DPU, 2001. Kessides, C. A Framework of Policies for Urban Upgrading. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 2000. Hardoy, A. and R. Schusterman. New models for the privatization of water for the urban poor. Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 12, No.2, October 2000. Farvacque, C. The Future of African Cities: Challenges and priorities for Urban Development. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1998. Solo, T. Small scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market. Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 11, No. 1. 1999 Hamid, N. Benchmarking as a Means of Improving Municipal Service Delivery. The World Bank Municipal Finance and Governance. Washington, D.C. (draft for discussion). United Nations Economic and Social Commisssion for Asia and the Pacific. The Poor Pay More for Water.
Presentations Back to top Financial Markets Back to top Labor Markets and Employment Bigsten, A., Mengistae, T., and Shimeles, A. Mobility and Earnings in Ethiopia's Urban Labor Markets 1994-2004. Policy, Research Working Paper 4168. The World Bank. March 2007. CIPE. Center for International Private Enterprise. De Soto, H. Commentary on The Mystery of Capital. International Labour Organization. Decent Work and the informal economy. ILO, 90th Session, Report VI, Geneva 2002.
Back to top Support to Small and Microenterprises (SMEs) to Small and Microenterprises (SMEs) Guidelines and conceptual papers: Case examples/studies Increasing Access to Job Opportunities Guidelines and conceptual papers: Bryceson, D., D. Maunder, T. Mbara, R. Kibombo, A. Davis and J. Howe. Sustainable livelihoods, mobility and access needs. 2003. Cities on the Move. Urban Transport Strategy Review. World Bank, Washington, D.C.2002. Background papers. Public Works Programs: What are the Income Gains to the Poor?. Poverty Lines, A joint publication by the Development Research Group and the Poverty Reduction Group. No. 9. World Bank. Washington, D.C. November 1997. UN-HABITAT. Shelter provision and employment generation. ILO and UNCHS, 1995. de Silva, S. Community-based Contracting: A Review of Stakeholder Experience. World Bank, Washington, D.C. January 2000. Employment Intensive Investment Program. International Labour Organization. Women in the Informal Employment Globalizing and Organizing Homenet. International Network for Homebased workers. Urban Transport. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Case studies/examples Supporting Home-Based Income-Generating Activities Social Protection and Safety Nets Guidelines and conceptual papers: Cigno, A., F.C. Rosati and Z. Tzannatos. Child Labor Handbook. World Bank. Washington, D.C. 2002. Innocenti Digest. Poverty and Exclusion among Urban Children. UNICEF, No. 10. November 2002. Safety Nets and Social Capital. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Ezemenari, K and K. Subbarao. "Social Assistance and Poverty-Targeted Programs: A Toolkit for Sub-Saharan Africa," World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1997. Bigio, A. (ed.). Social Funds and Reaching the Poor – Experiences and Future Directions. EDI Learning Resources Series. World Bank. Washington, D.C. 1998. - World Bank Research on Safety Nets.
Case Studies: Guidelines and conceptual papers: Social Services: Health Case examples/studies: Yazbeck, A. and R. Pande. Beyond National Averages for Immunization in India: Income Gender and Regional Inequalities. World Bank, Washington, D.C. - UN-HABITAT. Integral Health Team, Brazil - Best Practices Briefs Social Services Practices
The Urban Community Environmental Activities Project and Its Environment Fund in Thailand - Environment & Urbanization 1999 vol 11 no 1. Stephens et. al. Urban equity and health: Using existing data to understand inequalities in health and environment in Accra Ghana and Sao Paulo Brazil - Environment and Urbanization 1997, Vol 9; number 1 C. Urban Governance and Health Development in Leon, Nicaragua - Environment & Urbanization 1999 - vol 11 number 1
Social Services: Nutrition Case examples/studies: Living in the City; Challenges and options for the Urban Poor (PDF 602K).IFPRI Issue Brief No. 9. Washington D.C. 2002. Bangladesh -- The SHAHAR Project (PDF 235K) Ethiopia -- The Urban Food-for-Work Project (PDF 113K) Ghana -- The Accra Urban Food and Nutrition Study (PDF 460K) Guatemala -- The Community Day Care Centers Program (PDF 454K) Peru -- Community Kitchens (PDF 420K)
Social Services: Education Social Services: Personal Safety - Crime Prevention Guidelines and conceptual papers: Case examples/studies/ tools: Back to top Environment Key Resources Relevant Resources Case examples/studies: Back to top
Selected Program Options Key Resources Case Studies: Sector-Based Program Examples - Integrated Urban Development Programs Key Resources Case Studies: Policy-Based Programs - Tenure Regularization and Security Guidelines and conceptual papers Case examples/studies Back to top Finance-Based Programs Key Resources Municipal Development Funds Key Resources Case examples/studies: Social Development Funds Guidelines and conceptual papers: Case examples/studies: Micro-Finance for Housing and Small Businesses Presentations: Back to top
How to Make Poverty Alleviation Strategies Participatory? Key Resources Guidelines and conceptual papers Kebede, G. Building Consensus Through City Consultations. UNCHS Habitat Debate , 1999 Vol 5, No 4. Baharoglu, D. "Becoming a Citizen to be a Partner in Socially Sustainable Urban Settlements," Third World Planning Review, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1997. Goetz, A.M. and J. Gaventa. Bringing Citizen Voice and Client Focus into Service Delivery. Working paper 138, Institute of Development Studies, England. July 2001.
- Community driven developmentweb site. World Bank, Washington D.C.
Community Participation in Integrated Development Planning. Case Study Guidebook for Councillors, Officials and Development Practitioners - South Africa Urban Sector Network - National Association of South African NGOs. Narayan, D. Designing Community Based Development. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Environmentally and Socially Development Sustainable Development Network. World Bank, Washington D.C. June 1995. UNCHS. Local governance manuals. Plumber, J. Municipalities and Community Participation: A Sourcebook for Capacity Building. Published by Earthscan Publications Ltd. UK & USA 2000. Participationand Civic Engagement. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Rietbergen-McCracken, J. and D. Narayan. Participation and Social Assessment:Tools and Techniques. World Bank, Washington D.C. April 1996. Participatory Governance; Local accountability; Urban service delivery in "Implementing the Habitat Agenda" by DPU, DFID and Habitat. UNDP. Participatory Local Governance. Technical Advisory Paper 1. Local Initiative facility for Urban Environment, UNDP. NY 1997. Auclair, C. and J. Adrian. Participatory Urban decision Making Indicators - An innovative approach to monitoring city performance. Habitat Debate, Vol 5, No 4, 1999. UN ESCAP. What is Good Governance? The World Bank Participation Sourcebook World Bank. Washington, D.C. February 1996.
Case studies/examples: Ortiz, A. (ed.). Cali, Colombia : toward a city development strategy. World Bank, Washington, D.C. January 2002. Devas, N. Urban Governance and Poverty – Lessons from a study of ten cities. - Paper (PDF); - Powerpoint Presentation. The University of Birmingham and DFID, (go to Theme 2). February 2004.. Bottom-up Community Based Development: Gabon Urban Development Project. Social Development Notes, Note no: 54, March 2001. Consulting with beneficiaries, Swaziland urban development project. Social Development Notes Note no 60, March 2001. Baharoglu, D. and C. Lepelaars. A bottom-up Approach to Urban Management within the Top-down tradition of Belarus. IHS re-print series, 2001. Stein, A. Participation and sustainability in social projects; the experience of the local development programme (PRODEL) in Nicaragua. IIED, WP 3 on Poverty Reduction in Urban areas. July 2001. Benjamin, S. Governance, Economic Settings and Poverty in Bangalore. Environment and Urbanization, Vol.12, No.1. April 2000. Beal J. et al. Local Government, Poverty Reduction and Inequality in Johannesburg. Environment and Urbanization, Vol.12, No.1. April 2000. Etemadi, F. U. Civil Society Participation in City Governance in Cebu City. Urbanization and Environment. Vol.12, No.1. April 2000. Improving User Participation to Increase Project Effectiveness: Community Action Planning in an Adaptive Project. NWFP Community Infrastructure Project. Water and Sanitation Program Case Study, UNDP and World Bank. - Promoting Community Participation in Municipal Services: Potable Water Project in Matagalpa, Nicaragua: Experience from Nicaragua. USAID. Participatory Practice #5.
The rise and fall of government - community partnerships for urban development: grassroots testimony from Colombo, Sri Lanka. Environment and Urbanization vol 12 no 1, 2000. UN ESCAP. Urban Forums in Thailand. Urban Governance Practices. Best Practices Briefs.
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How to Assess the Impacts? Monitoring and Evaluation Key Resources Guidelines and conceptual papers: Field, E. and M. Kremer. Impact Evaluation for Slum Upgrading Impacts. May 2005 Hentschel, J. City Poverty Assessments. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Kolev, A. and R. Nitti. Constructing Multi-Sectoral Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators for Poverty-Focused Interventions: The Case of Infrastructure. World Bank. Washington, D.C. July 2001. Baker, J. Evaluating the Poverty Impact of Projects: A handbook for Practitioners. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 2000. Speyer, H. H. Indicator-based Management and Monitoring of Quality of Life in Municipalities- A study commissioned by the Bertelsmann Foundation August 2001. Monitoring and EvaluationChapter of the PRSP Sourcebook. World Bank. Washington, D.C. Angel, S. Upgrading Indicators: measuring the performance of national urban upgrading programs. World Bank. Washington, D.C. September 1999. Auclair, C. Monitoring Urban Conditions and Trends. UNCHS Habitat. Participatory Impact Monitoring. Manuals on participatory monitoring. 1996. Participatory Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Manual - Manual designed for South African NGOs. PACT. 1998. Process Monitoring for Improving Sustainability - A Manual for Project Managers and Staff. Water and Sanitation Program, UNDP and World Bank, July 1999. Rubio, G. Result based M&E and poverty reduction. World Bank, Washington, D.C. - Esteralla, M. and J. Gaventa. Who Counts Reality? Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation: A Literature Review. IDS working paper 70.
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Strategic Poverty Reduction Links Linkages with Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers Key Resources Case study: Linkages with City Development Strategies Key Resources Case studies: Back to top
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