Reflecting on the First Year of the Africa Action Plan: Higher Growth, Tangible Results

By Gobind Nankani
Vice President, Africa Region

Speech to the African Governors
Maputo, Mozambique
August 2006

Introduction

Distinguished Ministers, Ladies and Gentlemen : I am very pleased to be here today, and would like to express my gratitude to our hosts and to the organizers of this event. It is a privilege to meet with African Governors of the World Bank Group ahead of our meetings in Singapore next month.

During what came to be called “The Year of Africa,” the region’s leaders reaffirmed their commitment to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by improving governance, accelerating and sustaining growth and job creation, delivering human services, and fighting poverty. They challenged the international community to support Africa’s own efforts.

The UN Millennium Project and Millennium +5 Summit, the UK Commission for Africa, and the Gleneagles Summit all focused global attention on the continent, and the international community committed itself to double Africa’s development assistance to $50 billion a year by the end of this decade.

The World Bank Group responded to Africa’s challenge by implementing its Action Plan to support Africa’s Development — known as the “Africa Action Plan.”

The Action Plan sets out — in the form of 25 outcome based actions — the Bank Group’s priorities for supporting Africa’s national strategies to achieve broadly shared economic growth, accelerate progress toward the Millennium Development Goals, and build capable states.

It also defines priorities for the Bank Group’s efforts to strengthen the Development Partnership for Africa through more, and more effective, aid.

Today, as we approach the first anniversary of the Africa Action Plan, I am delighted that the Governors have asked me to provide an assessment of progress achieved during the first year of implementation.

But before I undertake that task, I would briefly like to give you my perspective on what African Countries — working with their development partners — have been able to achieve over the past year.

Recent Progress in Achieving Shared Growth

Six years ago, The Economist put on its cover an image of chaos and violence in Sierra Leone alongside the caption: “Africa: the Hopeless Continent.” In 2005, National Geographic devoted a full issue to Africa, making the decision that no single image on the cover could capture the continent today. In place of the usual photograph, the magazine leveled an intellectual challenge: “ Africa—Whatever You Thought, Think Again.”

The last year reinforces this picture of progress and diversity. Africa is on the move:

• Economic and social performanceremains good, with growth in the region averaging about 4.3 percent in 2005.

• Nine countries were near or above the 7 percent growth threshold needed for sustained poverty reduction: Angola, Cape Verde, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Tanzania.

• Over the past decade, many low-income African countries, including Senegal, Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Uganda, Ghana, and Cape Verde, have lifted significant percentages of their citizens above the poverty line, well on course to meet the income poverty MDG target of halving poverty by 2015.1

• Focused attention on HIV/AIDS is beginning to pay off. Twenty-eight of the 36 countries reporting data are showing reductions over time in HIV prevalence; 32 of the 36 are achieving monthly increases in ARV coverage.2

• Eritrea, Comoros, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and Guinea have recorded sharp reductions in child (under 5) mortality.3

• Primary enrollment rates reached 93 percent in 2004 from 80 percent in 1980, holding the promise that many more Africans will be in a position to contribute to and benefit from an expanding economy.4

• The gender gap, still on average nearly 15 percent in primary education, is closing in 30 of the 36 countries for which we have information.5And in the 45 countries reporting on the composition of their national parliaments, 31 are showing increases in the share of women holding parliamentary seats.

But while there have been clear signs of improvement, Africa’s pattern of performance remains varied with some countries in danger of slipping further behind.

• About 35 percent of Africa’s population now lives in non-mineral exporting countries that have recorded rates of growth above 4.5 percent since 1996. Mineral exporters (about 29 percent of population) have done even better.

• Yet, roughly 35 percent of Africa’s population continues to live in countries where overall economic growth barely keeps up with population growth.

Africa has shown equally mixed progress in creating opportunities for the poor and other vulnerable groups to participate in and benefit from growth:

• Only about a third of Africa’s rural population has access to an all-season road.

• And while agriculture is the primary means by which the majority of Africa’s households can connect to markets and raise their standard of living, only 21 of 46 countries reporting data are showing improving trends in crop production and only 2 of 43 countries report having increased the share of crop land that is irrigated.

As the region moves forward, the escalating prices of oil pose major challenges for both oil-exporting and oil-importing countries.

• Oil importers face a slowdown in growth. The cumulative losses to oil importers in Africa due to 2005s high oil prices are estimated to be about 3.5 percent of national income. 6

• Oil exporters for their part face an important test to transform their new oil wealth into effective programs for shared growth.

Taking Stock of the Africa Action Plan.

To support Africa’s progress, the Bank developed last year the Africa Action Plan, a plan through which the Bank committed to working with African governments and their development partners to deliver specific results.

The Africa Action Plan embraces 25 priority initiatives — supported by more than 100 specific actions — to address important development challenges in four major areas:

• Strengthening the outcome focus of national strategies
• Achieving more rapid, shared economic growth
• Building capable states, and
• Strengthening the global development partnership.

During the first year of implementation of the Africa Action Plan, there is evidence of progress.

While one year is much too short a time to generate changes in the types of development outcomes I have just reviewed, within the year there has been good progress in implementing over half of the 25 priority actions

• Significant progress has been achieved in increasing Bank Group support for private sector development, closing the infrastructure gap — including regional infrastructure — and laying the basis for improved health outcomes.
• Good progress has been recorded in strengthening the development partnership at the country level and regional integration.
• More progress will be needed in capacity development and governance, raising agricultural productivity and supporting the economic empowerment of women.

Let me now briefly describe the types of results we have been able to achieve during the year.

Supporting Private Sector Development

Through the Africa Action Plan, the World Bank Group and other development partners are working with African partners to support their efforts to build a more efficient, productive environment for the private sector.

• During the last fiscal year, the World Bank Group increased its lending for business environment and private sector development(excluding infrastructure) by $211 million, compared to the year before. Lending for projects aimed at improving the conditions in which the private sector operate has increased from US$ 626 million in FY01 to US$979 million in 2006. The largest increased were in the areas of customs facilities, logistics, and distribution systems and activities that promote deregulation and enhancement of competition.

• The Bank Group Doing Business surveys now cover 34 African countries, benchmarking their progress in addressing 11 key constraints to private investment. Meanwhile, more detailed Investment Climate Assessments (ICAs) have been carried out in 12 countries, and that number is expected to double over the next 15 months.

And African leaders are using this knowledge to inform policy choices and partner with the private sector to set a foundation for change.

• Twenty-four (of 35 countries for which comparable data exist) are achieving reductions in the cost of doing business. These improvements are not limited to the “ high performing countries ” (such as Ghana, Uganda or Burkina Faso), but also extend to transforming countries ( Rwanda, Malawi, Madagascar). Even in countries emerging from conflict, governments are moving forward ( Sierra Leone, Liberia).

• An example of this is IFC efforts under the private enterprise partnership in Burkina Faso, which resulted in improved business regulation. Enterprise registrations are now completed in 7 working days instead of 45 and company registration costs have dropped 60 percent.

• Madagascar moved up 8 places globally in the ease of starting a business ranking and further reforms are under way. Time to start a business was reduced from 38 to 19 days 7.

As a result of this effort, Africa now ranks third among Regions in the pace of reform of its business environment, and is reforming faster than the Middle East or Latin America.

Scaling Up Support to Small and Medium Enterprises

A vibrant Africa private sector is a key condition for the type of economic growth that creates jobs and reduces poverty.

• In Africa, this means providing support for small and medium enterprises, which represent over 90 percent of private business and employ about half of the region’s workforce.

In FY06, the World Bank partnered with IFC to surpass the target set for support to small and medium enterprises.

• IDA support to SMEs now stands at $320 million, the bulk of which ($260 million) was committed in this fiscal year.
• These operations are, among other things, helping to:
• Increase value added per worker by 20 percent and increasing the growth rate of export sales for participating SMEs by 25 percent in Ethiopia,
• Foster a 10 percent increase of the proportion of investments of SMEs financed through the formal sector in Tanzania.

These efforts will need to continue and be scaled up, because Africa remains a high- cost, high-risk place to do business, and the challenges ahead are considerable.

• According to Doing Business 2006, six of the 10 countries judged as having the most difficult environment for starting a business are in Africa.

• On average it takes 64 days to start a business in Africa, ranging from 14 in the Central African Republic to 155 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (indicator table 5.1).

• Enforcing a contract is no less onerous, running 439 days on average, with a range from 154 in Botswana to 1,011 in Angola.

• In Madagascar a garment exporter estimated that if port clearance were reduced to one day, it would cut total costs by a sum equal to as much as 30 percent of the wage bill.

• FDI inflows to Africa continue to be very low by global standards. The same constraints that — despite increased flows from China and India — deter foreign financers, also limit the ability of national investors, small and large, to invest, grow their firms, obtain access to capital and create jobs.

Closing the Infrastructure Gap

Another key to accelerating growth and promoting regional integration in Africa is infrastructure.

Closing the infrastructure gap — in power, water and transport — will require more than US $22 billion per year of investment by the public and private sectors in Africa over the next decade. A further US$18 billion per year is estimated to be required for operation and maintenance of infrastructure assets. 8

Africa’s development partners are responding to this challenge.

• Between 2003 and 2004, aid for infrastructure increased by 44 percent — an increase of $1 billion — after having largely stagnated over the last decade.

• Projections for 2005 show a continued upward trend.

• The European Union and Japan are projecting sharply increased levels of funding for the infrastructure sector ($4.0 billion over the next five years).

• And the African Development Bank has stepped up efforts in the water sector with an initiative (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative), which aims to invest $14.2 billion to reach the water MDG.

For its part, over the past five years, the Bank has increased its infrastructure investments from US$1 billion to about US $1.5 billion per year (FY06).

• Further infrastructure lending is expected to rise to US $2.4 billion per year at the end of the 3-year IDA period.

• Between FY05 and FY06, alone, commitments for infrastructure increased by 10 percent, despite limitation imposed by IDA.

These programs are beginning to generate tangible results. For example,

• Bank Group projects closing i n FY04 and FY05 built over 47,000 km of roads, 10% of which were feeder roads, vital to connecting the rural poor to markets.9

• The West Africa Power Pool Project will reduce energy costs almost by half (from 8-10 US cents/Kwh to 5-6 US cents/Kwh), improve service quality, and promote the use of environmentally cleaner fuels for power.

• In Sudan, an emergency infrastructure project ($50M) will deliver 100 kilometers of all-weather roads, support the maintenance of about 820 kilometers of road that have already been improved, as well as the rehabilitation of basic infrastructure and services in 11 towns.

• The East Africa Transport Project will reduce transport costs by 20 – 35 percent through improved road infrastructure.

The competitiveness of African products in regional and international markets and the ability of ordinary Africans to participate in and contribute to economic growth will be severely constrained by inadequate infrastructure unless we build on these early results.

• Among 9 countries surveyed (Mozambique, Zambia, Madagascar, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda, Senegal), indirect costs — including transport costs — account for as much as 32 percent of product cost, compared to less than 10 percent in China. 10

• Twenty-one percent of firms across Africa identified transport as a major or very severe obstacle to business operation and growth, with transport related costs adding as much as 60 percent to the cost of goods in some countries. 11

• Kenya loses the equivalent of over 9 percent of its manufacturing output to power outages — compared to 2 percent in China. 12

• Only about a third of Africa ’ s rural population has access to an all-season road. 13

Going forward, we will need to maintain the momentum we have attained, and meet the ambitious targets we have established to support Africa’s infrastructure needs.

Improving Health Outcomes

• Poor health threatens the ability of many Africans to hold a job or care for their family.
• In 2000, HIV/AIDS (20 percent) and Malaria (10 percent) accounted for 30 percent of all disease related deaths in Africa. They are, therefore, a central focus of the Action Plan’s attention.
• Sub-Saharan Africa has just over 10 percent of the world’s population but is home to more than 60 percent of all people living with HIV (25.8 million).
• In the past five years, the international community has increased HIV/AIDS funding from about $1.7 billion per year since 2001, to about $6.1 billion by 2004.
• The World Bank's support for HIV/AIDS in the region has grown from annual disbursements of $50 million a decade ago to $240 million in each of the past three years.
• The most significant impact of the fourfold increase in funding has been the rapid growth in access to treatment. The number of people on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased eightfold between 2003 and the end of 2005, to about 810,000. This is equivalent to about 17 percent of those needing treatment. 

And while progress on HIV/AIDS is being made, we are also working to tackle Africa’s other great killer: Malaria.

• This disease, which has been eradicated in practically the entire developed world, continues to cost not only a staggering number of lives in Africa but also an estimated $12 billion annually in lost productivity.

Although the disease is preventable and curable with available technologies, coverage with effective interventions has remained tragically low, particularly among poor and rural populations. The Africa Action Plan challenges the international community to respond to this urgent issue.

• Development partners have responded with total commitments of $920.4 million for FY06-07 and $1268.7 million for FY08-FY10. For example, working together with the World Bank and other development partners, the Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB, and Malariais helping to finance 109 million bed nets.

• In FY06 alone, the World Bank Malaria Booster Program committed $167 Million.

• The $10 million Booster Program in Niger will facilitate access to effective treatment number of households owning at least 2 insecticide-treated bed nets (for the more than 670,000 children under five who are expected to suffer from fever in 2010.

• The Zambia Malaria Booster Program, when fully funded, will increase the ITNs) from 13.6 percent (274,219) to 80 percent (1,922,564) by 2008, and the share of children under five using ITNs from 6.5 percent (123,414) to 60 percent (1,284,846). The total program is estimated at $144 million of which $96.3 million has been secured, including other donor contributions (e.g., the Global Fund, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation).

Challenges for Africa: Building Capable States, agriculture and gender

Notwithstanding our significant progress in some areas of the Africa Action Plan, we will need to “raise our game” in other areas if the pace of progress is to be accelerated. Three stand out:

• Strengthening our efforts to build accountable and capable states,
• Meeting our commitments to increase agricultural productivity, and
• Helping countries to improve the focus of their national poverty reduction strategies on gender.

Building Capable States

Building capable states has been a long standing challenge for Africa.

• Since 2000, about one-third of African countries are moving faster in decreasing corruption, improving voice and accountability, and improving the effectiveness of government than the average for all developing countries.14
• The remaining two-thirds, however, are falling behind their peers.
• In 2006 only 2 countries showed progress on the CPIA rating for transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public service.

Africa’s leadership has recognized and is responding to the challenge.

• The Africa Peer Review Mechanism has completed its first two reviews in Ghana and Rwanda, and governments in both countries are acting on its recommendations.

The Bank Group has developed an ambitious plan (CDMAP) for supporting capacity development in the region. Some of the projected outcomes of our scaled up efforts will include:

Building more accountable and transparent public financial management systems, for example:

• Training 5,000 accountants and 3,500 procurement staff in 18 countries
• Strengthening the oversight capacities of parliaments and media in 7 countries as a way of supporting the watchdog system against corruption and waste.

Increasing the retention of skilled health workers (physicians, nurses, and other critical health workers). For example,

• In Rwanda, with the support of the Bank and other development partners, the government will scale up the successful innovative pilot health center scheme, which transfers resources (about $0.50 per capita) to primary care centers from a basket fund on the basis of a performance-based contract in order to improve health service delivery and attract and retain health workers.

Increasing support for African Business Schools and tertiary institutions

Supporting effective management and monitoring of results

• The Bank plans to help 15 countries to strengthen country data, monitoring and evaluation systems in the next three years.

The Bank Group will also expand its activities in public sector governance to include greater focus on anti-corruption support and strengthening of activities under the EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative) .

The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative shows what can be achieved when African governments, development partners, and private business act together to improve the transparency and accountability of resource flows.

• The magnitude of the resource flows that could potentially be monitored by the EITI process is substantial.

• The first EITI report, released in Nigeria earlier this year, covered an average of nearly $15.7 billion in annual payments made by oil and gas companies to the Government of Nigeria over a six-year period.

• To put that in perspective, the Bank's IDA commitments in all of Africa in FY 2006 were $ 4.7 billion, and commitments by the entire development community amounted to about $ 25 billion.

Raising Agricultural Productivity

Many countries in Africa have identified agriculture as a key source of growth.

• Agriculture still dominates the economies of most African countries, accounting for about 16 percent of the region’s GDP and 40 percent of exports.
• Yet, improvements in African agricultural productivity are far below that of other regions in part due to the low levels of irrigated land.
• Efforts to expand investment in research for agriculture science and technology have not been as rapid as we expected — and investments in expanding the area of arable land under irrigation are just starting. In FY06, the World Bank increased support for irrigation by $97 million in 7 countries, and for extension services to $151 million.

Focusing on Gender

A distinguishing characteristic of Sub-Saharan African economies is that gender differences lead to men and women playing substantially different economic roles, an important issue since much of Africa’s economic activity is in the hands of women.

Yet, gender issues have not yet found their way into national development and poverty reduction strategies with sufficient specificity and outcome orientation to achieve real impact.

• Overall, the gender CPIA average hasn’t changed, though it has improved in Botswana, and only decreased in Zimbabwe and Côte d’Ivoire. This provides a stable environment in which gains can and should be made.

But women face multiple barriers to their participation in the economy across countries.

• In Kenya, for example, 48 percent of the owners of micro and small businesses are women, yet they own only 1 percent of land, making access to credit a major constraint on their ability to grow their businesses.

A Challenge to the Development Community: More and Better Aid

• A central objective of the Action Plan was for the Bank Group to take a leading role in helping Africa’s Development Partners to meet their commitments for more and more effective aid.
• While some progress in that area has been achieved, much remains to be done. Let me begin with some of the successes:
  • The debt relief initiative (MDRI) has been implemented for the IMF, WBG and African Development Bank. Fourteen countries in Africa are today eligible for 100 percent debt relief agreed at the G-8 Summit in Gleneagles.15This number will grow to 32 countries as they reach their completion point under the HIPC initiative. The MDRI will have important consequences for the structure of development assistance programs in recipient countries.
  • The Africa Catalytic Growth Fund was established in March 2006, as a multi-donor pooled fund to increase impact in “high performing countries,” “transforming countries” and regional integration activities. By demonstrating that the Bank has the flexibility to scale up funding in these countries beyond the IDA-14 envelope and deliver results, the ACGF has evolved into a key tool for coordinated, joint financing of expanded country programs in Africa. The UK has committed ₤200 million to the ACGF and other development partners are expressing interest in supporting the ACGF.
  • The first resources and results process was recently successfully completed in Ghana (June 2006).

Perhaps most worrisome, however, is the slow pace of implementation of the scaling up commitments made at Gleneagles and New York:

• Aid beyond debt relief and special initiatives has been slow to materialize. While there is still room for optimism that the Gleneagles pledges can be achieved by 2010, the OECD DAC and the Strategic Partnership with Africa both estimate that much of the increase in development assistance to Africa between 2006 and 2008 will be more apparent than real, mainly debt relief and emergency food aid. It is unlikely that significant new resource commitments will be realized before 2009.

• Several countries have identified areas in which additional resources could be absorbed to achieve concrete results. There are missed opportunities to boost growth, such as improving transport corridors in Tanzania, increasing irrigated areas in Mozambique, or intensifying agricultural production in Burkina Faso. There are also opportunities to make progress toward the MDGs such as integrating health care initiatives to tackle malaria, under-5 mortality, and nutrition in Sierra Leone and Rwanda, addressing post secondary education in Tanzania, Malawi, and Burkina, or strengthening water management in Mozambique to improve both access to water and improve resource management.

The failure to ramp up aid to meet the Gleneagles promises has resulted in significant missed opportunities to accelerate progress in achieving development outcomes in Africa.

• In Ghana, the June 2006 resources and results process identified an opportunity to increase the share of the rural population with access to power from 54 to 72 percent. This would cost an additional $300 million over 4 years (about $75 million per year) and reach an additional 2,500 communities. In 2005, only $26 million was spent on rural electrification, despite the capacity to absorb significantly more. But at present no development partners have come forward to fund this investment.

• In Mozambique, the on-going annual review of the national poverty reduction strategy (PARPA,) identified an opportunity to increase access to water from 38 percent of the population to 53 percent, and also improve service to an additional 2.4 million people. Scaled-up investments of about $85 million over a 7-year period (an increase of $ 12 million per year, or 57 percent above current annual spending of $ 21 million) — directed at both urban and rural water supply — are needed but have not yet been funded.

CHALLENGE TO AFRICAN COUNTRIES: ENHANCING TRADE, REMITTANCES AND REVENUE PERFORMANCE

The challenges ahead involve more than just increasing aid flows. African countries must do more to improve their trade performance, so that increasing trade can lead to real growth that is broadly shared.

With the suspension of the Doha development round, trade prospects for developing countries are once again on an uncertain track. While the Bank is advocating a resumption of the Doha round as soon as possible, and also advocating continuing support for the "aid for trade" agenda, it is also time for African countries to ask what more can be done by themselves to improve trade performance. Some of the actions noted above ― improving the investment climate, infrastructure, regional integration etc. — will be central. Beyond that, it is important for African countries to recognize that existing trade agreements — such as AGOA and EBA arrangements — already allow for many opportunities that are not yet fully exploited. In addition, it is important to

• Remove all tariff and non-tariff barriers that stand in the way of intra­African trade, including the innumerable physical checkpoints both within countries and at their borders;
• Begin to explore, alongside the effort to revive the Doha talks, the scope for a Pan African trade arrangement with the US, EU, and Asian countries, for all SSA countries to have preferential access to these markets for a limited period of time, say 10 years. This idea, first mooted in the Africa Commission Report, is one that can make a big difference, if coupled with the aid for trade agenda.
• In addition, services matter for Africa as a potential export sector, especially for businesses with strong technological content (business services and outsourcing), and as a supportive sector for the rest of the economy (transport and logistics services). Thus, African countries should emphasize skills development to meet these emerging needs.16

Remittances play an increasingly important role, and African countries should seek more practical ways to harness this resource for development uses.

• Remittances to Africa are growing. For example, Ghana is reported to have received $1.4 billion in remittances in 2005, a sum equal to its aid receipts. And remittances can grow even further, given the experiences of other countries. But it is necessary to take better advantage of growing remittances.

Some possible policies for leveraging remittances include:

• Strengthening the formal financial infrastructure
  • Improve banking access and build reliable and effective financial services
• Reducing transaction costs for transferring of remittances (i.e., eliminate burdensome regulatory and compliance requirements, increase competition in the remittance market)
• Encouraging micro finance institutions and credit unions to provide remittances services.

Increasing domestic revenues in support of a comprehensive approach to development is also a critical element in achieving success.

• An important part of achieving real and sustainable growth over time is for countries in Africa to build the domestic institutions and processes necessary to establish effective revenue generation capabilities.
• Establishing the necessary accountabilities to ensure that domestic revenues become an increasingly important part of development financing is a significant step toward asserting real ownership of a country’s future.

Conclusion

Africa is moving on multiple fronts. Growth has been good but economic performance is uneven, and the challenge will be to maintain or accelerate the pace in the leaders, while helping the lagging countries to catch up. Equally, accelerating the pace and improving the quality of the delivery of human services will be essential to better progress toward the MDGs.

Africa’s international partners have a lot to live up to. They will have to honor the promises made during the year of Africa. A completed pro-development trade round will be an essential sign of good faith. Development partners must follow through on the alignment agenda, so that their programs to support Africa don’t actually add burdens, rather than relieving them.

But African countries also need to do their part. They need to create an effective investment environment that attracts trade and investment to fuel their economic growth. The need to explore special trade preferences for SSA countries with the US, EU and Asian countries is now critical, alongside efforts to revive Doha. They will need to find the ways and means to find development uses for the significant flow of remittances into their countries. And they will need to take steps to increase domestic revenues to complement support from development partners.

What is encouraging is the emerging consensus on the very tangible outcomes we all want to achieve. At the Bank, and among our partners in Africa, we are increasingly accountable for showing measurable progress toward agreed-to goals — and this is a change in the way development assistance has historically been delivered. We won’t see all these changes materialize as quickly as we would like, but we know where we want to go, and we already see the outlines of an Africa in which countries are increasingly capable of generating real opportunities for their peoples.

Africa is a continent on the move, and the Bank is working hard to support African countries as they strive to move even faster.

Thank you.

1Africa Region Live Data Base: Poverty Studies.

2World Bank: Development Data Platform

3World Bank: Development Data Platform

4Africa Development Indicators, 2006

5World Bank: Development Data Platform

6Africa Region Economic Brief, 12 April 2006

7Madagascar: Integrated Growth Poles - P083351

8Estache, 2005.

9Implementation Completion Reports for FY 04 and FY05

10Eifert, Gelb and Ramachandran, 2005.

11source

12source

13source

14Kauffman – Kraay Indicators Website

15Benin , Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.

16Africa- China/India Trade and Investment Book being prepared for the Singapore Meetings. Chapter 5